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Political Party of Radicals
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Political Party of Radicals
The Political Party of Radicals (Dutch: Politieke Partij Radikalen, PPR) was a progressive Christian (radicaal-christelijke) and green political party in the Netherlands. The PPR played a relatively small role in Dutch politics and merged with other left-wing parties to form GroenLinks in 1991.
The foundation of the PPR is linked to formation of the De Jong cabinet and the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA).
After the 1967 general election, it became clear that a centre-right cabinet would be formed by the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and Christian Historical Union (CHU), the Catholic People's Party (KVP) and the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Progressive forces within the KVP and ARP had hoped for the formation of a centre-left cabinet with the Labour Party (PvdA) without the participation of the CHU and the VVD.
In March 1967, a group of "regret voters" (ARP members who regretted voting ARP) published an advertisement in the Protestant newspaper Trouw, aimed at the leadership of the party. They claimed that the left-wing, so called evangelisch-radicaal, ideal of the ARP could not be realised in a cabinet with the VVD. In April, the group began to meet regularly with dissidents from the KVP in the Hotel Americain, which gave the group the name "Americain Group". The group included Wilhelm de Gaay Fortman, prominent ARP politician, his son Bas de Gaay Fortman, Jo Cals, former KVP prime minister, and Ruud Lubbers, member of the KVP and future prime minister. In May, the group became a formal organisation, the Working Group Christian Radicals, which was oriented at making their mother parties more progressive. They had some success in the KVP, which was seeking new allies and a new image, after it had lost the 1967 general election.
In February 1968, the leaders of the KVP, Norbert Schmelzer, ARP, Barend Biesheuvel and CHU, Jur Mellema made a public appearance, stating that the three parties wanted to work together more closely. The cooperation would eventually lead to the formation of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) in 1974. With that appearance, the hopes of the Christian Radicals within the KVP that a progressive alliance with the Labour Party would be formed were shattered.
On 27 April 1968, part of the group of Catholic radicals left the KVP and formed the Political Party of Radicals (PRP). Prominent radicals, like Lubbers and Cals, did not join the party. A group of three radical KVP MPs led by Jacques Aarden left the KVP parliamentary party and formed their own group-Aarden, the parliamentary party of the PPR. The party is joined by some prominent "regret-voters" from the ARP, most prominently Bas de Gaay Fortman.
The party began to cooperate closely with the Labour Party (PvdA), the newly founded Democrats 66 (D66) and initially with the left-wing Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP) in the so-called Progressive Accords (PAK). The parties proposed common election manifestos and formed the Den Uyl shadow cabinet. The PSP left the alliance before the negotiations ended, because the alliance was not socialist enough. The PPR participated in the 1971 general election as part of the PAK. The PPR won only two seats, while the PAK as a whole won only 52 seats, a third of parliament. Jacques Aarden led the party in parliament. Some prominent members left the PPR, because they thought the party had failed. The first Biesheuvel cabinet was formed by the ARP, KVP, CHU, VVD and the Democratic Socialists '70.
In the 1972 general election, the parties tried again. The PAK now won 56 seats and the PPR 7. Former ARP politician Bas de Gaay Fortman led the party in the elections. A continuation of the first Biesheuvel cabinet, which fell within one year was excluded. The only possibility was a centre-left government with the PAK parties and the Christian democratic parties. The PAK parties refused this possibility and wanted to form a PAK minority cabinet. A compromise was found in the progressive Den Uyl cabinet, an extraparliamentary cabinet comprising PvdA, D66 and PPR and progressive individuals from the ARP and the KVP, including former Radicals such as Lubbers and Wilhelm de Gaay Fortman. The PPR supplied two ministers, Harry van Doorn as Minister for Culture, Recreation and Social Work, and Boy Trip as Minister without Portfolio for Science, as well as one state secretary, Michel van Hulten, for Transport, Public Works and Water Management. The fact that the PPR was cooperating with the ARP and KVP, which many members of the party had just left, led to considerable upheaval within the party. The party convention adopted a resolution stating that the party would not cooperate with these parties in the next cabinet.
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Political Party of Radicals
The Political Party of Radicals (Dutch: Politieke Partij Radikalen, PPR) was a progressive Christian (radicaal-christelijke) and green political party in the Netherlands. The PPR played a relatively small role in Dutch politics and merged with other left-wing parties to form GroenLinks in 1991.
The foundation of the PPR is linked to formation of the De Jong cabinet and the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA).
After the 1967 general election, it became clear that a centre-right cabinet would be formed by the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and Christian Historical Union (CHU), the Catholic People's Party (KVP) and the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Progressive forces within the KVP and ARP had hoped for the formation of a centre-left cabinet with the Labour Party (PvdA) without the participation of the CHU and the VVD.
In March 1967, a group of "regret voters" (ARP members who regretted voting ARP) published an advertisement in the Protestant newspaper Trouw, aimed at the leadership of the party. They claimed that the left-wing, so called evangelisch-radicaal, ideal of the ARP could not be realised in a cabinet with the VVD. In April, the group began to meet regularly with dissidents from the KVP in the Hotel Americain, which gave the group the name "Americain Group". The group included Wilhelm de Gaay Fortman, prominent ARP politician, his son Bas de Gaay Fortman, Jo Cals, former KVP prime minister, and Ruud Lubbers, member of the KVP and future prime minister. In May, the group became a formal organisation, the Working Group Christian Radicals, which was oriented at making their mother parties more progressive. They had some success in the KVP, which was seeking new allies and a new image, after it had lost the 1967 general election.
In February 1968, the leaders of the KVP, Norbert Schmelzer, ARP, Barend Biesheuvel and CHU, Jur Mellema made a public appearance, stating that the three parties wanted to work together more closely. The cooperation would eventually lead to the formation of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) in 1974. With that appearance, the hopes of the Christian Radicals within the KVP that a progressive alliance with the Labour Party would be formed were shattered.
On 27 April 1968, part of the group of Catholic radicals left the KVP and formed the Political Party of Radicals (PRP). Prominent radicals, like Lubbers and Cals, did not join the party. A group of three radical KVP MPs led by Jacques Aarden left the KVP parliamentary party and formed their own group-Aarden, the parliamentary party of the PPR. The party is joined by some prominent "regret-voters" from the ARP, most prominently Bas de Gaay Fortman.
The party began to cooperate closely with the Labour Party (PvdA), the newly founded Democrats 66 (D66) and initially with the left-wing Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP) in the so-called Progressive Accords (PAK). The parties proposed common election manifestos and formed the Den Uyl shadow cabinet. The PSP left the alliance before the negotiations ended, because the alliance was not socialist enough. The PPR participated in the 1971 general election as part of the PAK. The PPR won only two seats, while the PAK as a whole won only 52 seats, a third of parliament. Jacques Aarden led the party in parliament. Some prominent members left the PPR, because they thought the party had failed. The first Biesheuvel cabinet was formed by the ARP, KVP, CHU, VVD and the Democratic Socialists '70.
In the 1972 general election, the parties tried again. The PAK now won 56 seats and the PPR 7. Former ARP politician Bas de Gaay Fortman led the party in the elections. A continuation of the first Biesheuvel cabinet, which fell within one year was excluded. The only possibility was a centre-left government with the PAK parties and the Christian democratic parties. The PAK parties refused this possibility and wanted to form a PAK minority cabinet. A compromise was found in the progressive Den Uyl cabinet, an extraparliamentary cabinet comprising PvdA, D66 and PPR and progressive individuals from the ARP and the KVP, including former Radicals such as Lubbers and Wilhelm de Gaay Fortman. The PPR supplied two ministers, Harry van Doorn as Minister for Culture, Recreation and Social Work, and Boy Trip as Minister without Portfolio for Science, as well as one state secretary, Michel van Hulten, for Transport, Public Works and Water Management. The fact that the PPR was cooperating with the ARP and KVP, which many members of the party had just left, led to considerable upheaval within the party. The party convention adopted a resolution stating that the party would not cooperate with these parties in the next cabinet.
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