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Posad people
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Posad people
Posad People (Black Townspeople, Townspeople, Civilians) were a class of medieval (feudal) East Slavic lands (Kievan Rus, Grand Duchy of Moscow, Russian Tsardom, etc.), whose duties were to bear the tax (black people), that is, pay monetary and natural taxes, as well as perform numerous duties.
The name of the handicraft and commercial population of the cities – "posad people" – comes from the word "posad". When writing applications (petitions) to orders, the townspeople and Peasants were written not as Kholops, but as "slaves and orphans". The trade and craft population of cities (podols, posads, hundreds) created their own territorial and professional associations (organizations of Artisans, such as workshops). The term has first been attested in written sources in the 15th century, but some scholars have extrapolated that they must have already existed for some time before then.[citation needed]
The taxable population was divided[when?] according to:[citation needed]
The townspeople settled in the black Slobodas, supplying various supplies to the royal palace and working for the palace needs. The tax was paid locally and from the craft. The obligation was communal. Tax and duties were distributed by the community. The tax was paid from the number of households, and not from the number of people. In the event a person left the settlement, the community had to continue to pay tax for him.[citation needed]
The ordinary townspeople who were engaged in petty trade, crafts and trades were reduced to the black hundreds. Each black hundred made up a self-governing society with elected heads and Sotniks. Until the middle of the 17th century, the so–called white settlements existed in the cities.[citation needed]
The Posad population was personally free, but the state, interested in the proper receipt of payments, sought to attach taxpayers to the posad. Therefore, for unauthorized departure from the posad, even for marrying a girl from another posad, they were punished with the death penalty. In 1649, the townspeople were forbidden to sell and mortgage their yards, barns, cellars, and so on.
On the basis of property (like all estates of the Russian state), the townspeople were divided into the best, middle and young people.
Rights were given to the best and the middle. For example, the townspeople were allowed to keep a drink for various solemn occasions.[citation needed]
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Posad people
Posad People (Black Townspeople, Townspeople, Civilians) were a class of medieval (feudal) East Slavic lands (Kievan Rus, Grand Duchy of Moscow, Russian Tsardom, etc.), whose duties were to bear the tax (black people), that is, pay monetary and natural taxes, as well as perform numerous duties.
The name of the handicraft and commercial population of the cities – "posad people" – comes from the word "posad". When writing applications (petitions) to orders, the townspeople and Peasants were written not as Kholops, but as "slaves and orphans". The trade and craft population of cities (podols, posads, hundreds) created their own territorial and professional associations (organizations of Artisans, such as workshops). The term has first been attested in written sources in the 15th century, but some scholars have extrapolated that they must have already existed for some time before then.[citation needed]
The taxable population was divided[when?] according to:[citation needed]
The townspeople settled in the black Slobodas, supplying various supplies to the royal palace and working for the palace needs. The tax was paid locally and from the craft. The obligation was communal. Tax and duties were distributed by the community. The tax was paid from the number of households, and not from the number of people. In the event a person left the settlement, the community had to continue to pay tax for him.[citation needed]
The ordinary townspeople who were engaged in petty trade, crafts and trades were reduced to the black hundreds. Each black hundred made up a self-governing society with elected heads and Sotniks. Until the middle of the 17th century, the so–called white settlements existed in the cities.[citation needed]
The Posad population was personally free, but the state, interested in the proper receipt of payments, sought to attach taxpayers to the posad. Therefore, for unauthorized departure from the posad, even for marrying a girl from another posad, they were punished with the death penalty. In 1649, the townspeople were forbidden to sell and mortgage their yards, barns, cellars, and so on.
On the basis of property (like all estates of the Russian state), the townspeople were divided into the best, middle and young people.
Rights were given to the best and the middle. For example, the townspeople were allowed to keep a drink for various solemn occasions.[citation needed]