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Principality of Tver AI simulator
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Principality of Tver AI simulator
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Principality of Tver
The Principality of Tver (Russian: Тверское княжество, romanized: Tverskoye knyazhestvo) was a Russian principality which existed between the 13th and the 15th centuries with its capital in Tver. The principality was located approximately in the area currently occupied by Tver Oblast and the eastern part of Smolensk Oblast.
It was one of the states established after the fall of Kievan Rus'. Originally part of the Pereyaslavl-Zalessky principality, Tver became an independent principality when Yaroslav Yaroslavich was given the western slice of his father's patrimony. During the 14th century, Tver rivaled the Principality of Moscow with the aim to become the center of the unified Russian state. Eventually it lost, decayed, and in 1485, it was annexed by Moscow.
In the 1230s or the 1240s, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, the grand prince of Vladimir, detached the city of Tver from the Pereyaslavl-Zalessky principality (where it previously belonged), and gave it to his son Alexander "Nevsky" Yaroslavich. In 1246, another son of Yaroslav, Yaroslav Yaroslavich, became the first prince of Tver, and the principality was ruled by his descendants until 1485, when it was abolished.
The Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (1237–1241) and subsequent Mongol raids for about 25 years devastated many cities, towns and their countryside in northeastern Rus', such as Vladimir on the Klyazma and Ryazan. Depopulation was less severe in the regions around Tver, Moscow, and Yaroslavl, which sometimes received refugees from more war-torn areas. In particular, Tver and Moscow received many displaced inhabitants of Vladimir, and experienced population growth during the early Golden Horde hegemony. After the 1264 death of Alexander "Nevsky" Yaroslavich, his brothers Yaroslav Yaroslavich of Tver and Andrey Yaroslavich got into a succession struggle over the title of grand prince of Vladimir. As the first khan of the Golden Horde, Batu, had done twice before in 1249 and 1252, his brother Berke Khan settled the dispute and with a jarlig (patent) confirmed Yaroslav of Tver as the next Vladimirian grand prince.
A bishopric was founded during the reign of Yaroslav, sometime before his death in 1271. No other important events are known to have occurred in the principality during the reigns of Yaroslav and his son Sviatoslav, who died in the first half of the 1280s. Nevertheless, Tver had an advantageous location on the Upper Volga for luxury goods transported by traders from the far north down the river towards the Jochid capital of Sarai. It was one of the first northeastern Rus' cities to begin post-invasion major construction works, such as the Transfiguration Church (Russian: Спасо-Преображенский собор) in the late 13th century.
In 1285, Mikhail of Tver, a son of Yaroslav of Tver, succeeded his father and became the prince of Tver.[citation needed] In 1305 he became the grand prince of Vladimir as well; however, Özbeg Khan of the Golden Horde decided that Tver became too strong, and supported Moscow against Tver.[citation needed] This led to a military campaign led by Yuri Danilovich of Moscow against Mikhail, supported by Özbeg in 1317.[citation needed] Mikhail met Yuri's army at a small village called Bortenevo, where he was victorious.[citation needed] In the same encounter, Özbeg's sister and Yuri's wife, Konchaka, was captured by Mikhail and made a prisoner of war.[citation needed] Konchaka later died in captivity in Tver, where Yuri was able to blame Mikhail for the death of the khan's sister.[citation needed] Mikhail was summoned to the Golden Horde and tried there in 1318, where he faced a month of imprisonment and torture before being executed.[citation needed] His son and successor, Dmitry, was executed in the Golden Horde in 1326, and another son and also a prince of Tver, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, was executed there in 1339 as well together with his son Fyodor.[citation needed]
In 1327, an anti-Tatar uprising in Tver was suppressed. The city of Tver was burned down, and the principality lost a considerable part of its population. Tver never recovered, and Ivan I of Moscow was later granted the title of grand prince of Vladimir, in which Moscow became the preeminent Russian principality. Moscow remained on good terms with the Tatars, and absorbed surrounding principalities. The head of the Russian Orthodox Church also moved to Moscow, which gave it the status as the spiritual center and the seat of Russian Orthodoxy.
In the mid-14th century, some parts of the principality were temporarily given away as appanages. This created the whole system of principalities dependent on Tver. Some of them became independent to the point that they conducted war with Tver. These included:
Principality of Tver
The Principality of Tver (Russian: Тверское княжество, romanized: Tverskoye knyazhestvo) was a Russian principality which existed between the 13th and the 15th centuries with its capital in Tver. The principality was located approximately in the area currently occupied by Tver Oblast and the eastern part of Smolensk Oblast.
It was one of the states established after the fall of Kievan Rus'. Originally part of the Pereyaslavl-Zalessky principality, Tver became an independent principality when Yaroslav Yaroslavich was given the western slice of his father's patrimony. During the 14th century, Tver rivaled the Principality of Moscow with the aim to become the center of the unified Russian state. Eventually it lost, decayed, and in 1485, it was annexed by Moscow.
In the 1230s or the 1240s, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, the grand prince of Vladimir, detached the city of Tver from the Pereyaslavl-Zalessky principality (where it previously belonged), and gave it to his son Alexander "Nevsky" Yaroslavich. In 1246, another son of Yaroslav, Yaroslav Yaroslavich, became the first prince of Tver, and the principality was ruled by his descendants until 1485, when it was abolished.
The Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (1237–1241) and subsequent Mongol raids for about 25 years devastated many cities, towns and their countryside in northeastern Rus', such as Vladimir on the Klyazma and Ryazan. Depopulation was less severe in the regions around Tver, Moscow, and Yaroslavl, which sometimes received refugees from more war-torn areas. In particular, Tver and Moscow received many displaced inhabitants of Vladimir, and experienced population growth during the early Golden Horde hegemony. After the 1264 death of Alexander "Nevsky" Yaroslavich, his brothers Yaroslav Yaroslavich of Tver and Andrey Yaroslavich got into a succession struggle over the title of grand prince of Vladimir. As the first khan of the Golden Horde, Batu, had done twice before in 1249 and 1252, his brother Berke Khan settled the dispute and with a jarlig (patent) confirmed Yaroslav of Tver as the next Vladimirian grand prince.
A bishopric was founded during the reign of Yaroslav, sometime before his death in 1271. No other important events are known to have occurred in the principality during the reigns of Yaroslav and his son Sviatoslav, who died in the first half of the 1280s. Nevertheless, Tver had an advantageous location on the Upper Volga for luxury goods transported by traders from the far north down the river towards the Jochid capital of Sarai. It was one of the first northeastern Rus' cities to begin post-invasion major construction works, such as the Transfiguration Church (Russian: Спасо-Преображенский собор) in the late 13th century.
In 1285, Mikhail of Tver, a son of Yaroslav of Tver, succeeded his father and became the prince of Tver.[citation needed] In 1305 he became the grand prince of Vladimir as well; however, Özbeg Khan of the Golden Horde decided that Tver became too strong, and supported Moscow against Tver.[citation needed] This led to a military campaign led by Yuri Danilovich of Moscow against Mikhail, supported by Özbeg in 1317.[citation needed] Mikhail met Yuri's army at a small village called Bortenevo, where he was victorious.[citation needed] In the same encounter, Özbeg's sister and Yuri's wife, Konchaka, was captured by Mikhail and made a prisoner of war.[citation needed] Konchaka later died in captivity in Tver, where Yuri was able to blame Mikhail for the death of the khan's sister.[citation needed] Mikhail was summoned to the Golden Horde and tried there in 1318, where he faced a month of imprisonment and torture before being executed.[citation needed] His son and successor, Dmitry, was executed in the Golden Horde in 1326, and another son and also a prince of Tver, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, was executed there in 1339 as well together with his son Fyodor.[citation needed]
In 1327, an anti-Tatar uprising in Tver was suppressed. The city of Tver was burned down, and the principality lost a considerable part of its population. Tver never recovered, and Ivan I of Moscow was later granted the title of grand prince of Vladimir, in which Moscow became the preeminent Russian principality. Moscow remained on good terms with the Tatars, and absorbed surrounding principalities. The head of the Russian Orthodox Church also moved to Moscow, which gave it the status as the spiritual center and the seat of Russian Orthodoxy.
In the mid-14th century, some parts of the principality were temporarily given away as appanages. This created the whole system of principalities dependent on Tver. Some of them became independent to the point that they conducted war with Tver. These included:
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