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Propiska in the Soviet Union
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Propiska in the Soviet Union
A propiska (Russian: прописка [prɐˈpʲiskə] ⓘ; pl. прописки propiski) was both a written residency permit and a migration-recording tool, used in the Russian Empire before 1917 and in the Soviet Union from 1932 until 1991.
The Soviet Union had both permanent propiski (прописка по месту жительства [propiska po mestu zhitel'stva] or постоянная прописка [postojannaja propiska]) and temporary (временная прописка, vremennaja propiska). In the transition period to a market economy in the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union in late 1991, the permanent propiska in municipal apartments was a factor that allowed dwellers to obtain private property rights on the living space they were "inscripted" in during privatization. Those who built housing at their own expense obtained a permanent propiska there by definition.
Originally, the noun propiska meant the clerical procedure of registration, or enrolling the person (writing his or her name) into the police records of the local population (or writing down the police permission into the person's identification document – see below). Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary describes this procedure as "to enroll [the document] in a book and stamp it".
The twentieth page of the internal passport of the Russian Empire (see illustration) was entitled Место для пропи́ски ви́довъ поли́цiею 'Space for registration of vidy by police'. Five blank pages (20 to 24) were gradually filled with stamps with the residential address written in. It allowed a person to reside in his/her relevant locality. Article 61 of the Regulations adopted on February 7, 1897 (see pp. 18–19 of the passport) imposed a fine for those found outside the administrative unit (as a rule, uezd) in which they were registered to live.[citation needed]
As a clerical term, the noun вид (vid) is short for вид на жительство (vid na zhitel'stvo). Although translated into English as a 'residential permit', in Russian this also conveys a presence of the right of a resident to live somewhere. In the sense of a "[legal] right" the word vid also appears in the phrase иметь на неё виды (imet' na nejo vidy; 'planning to gain husband's rights with her'). Among many explanations of вид, Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary indicates a "certificate of any kind for free passage, travel and living", mentioning passport as a synonym.
The verb прописать (propisat') was used as a transitive verb with вид4 being the direct object. Not only the passport, but also its owner could serve as the verb's direct object. Reciprocally, прописка became an object which one can have, e.g.: "to have a propiska in Moscow" (иметь прописку в Москве, imet' propisku v Moskve). In common speech, the stamp in the passport into which the residential address was written was also called "propiska".[citation needed]
The origin of the propiska dates back to the Russian Empire, more specifically Peter the Great who wanted to ensure "that serfs stayed in the fields where they belonged." In the pre-Soviet Russian Empire, a person arriving for a new residency was obliged, depending on the estate, to enroll in the registers of the local police authorities. The police could deny undesirable persons the right to settle. In this case, no stamps were made in passport). In most cases, this would mean the person had to return to their permanent domicile.
Passports were abolished after the October Revolution and the free movement of people through the country was established. The 1930 edition of the Small Soviet Encyclopedia even described passports as a tool of control used by the former Tsarist police state. In December 1932, the Central Executive Committee and Sovnarkom, then under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, issued a decree that re-established a unified internal passport.
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Propiska in the Soviet Union
A propiska (Russian: прописка [prɐˈpʲiskə] ⓘ; pl. прописки propiski) was both a written residency permit and a migration-recording tool, used in the Russian Empire before 1917 and in the Soviet Union from 1932 until 1991.
The Soviet Union had both permanent propiski (прописка по месту жительства [propiska po mestu zhitel'stva] or постоянная прописка [postojannaja propiska]) and temporary (временная прописка, vremennaja propiska). In the transition period to a market economy in the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union in late 1991, the permanent propiska in municipal apartments was a factor that allowed dwellers to obtain private property rights on the living space they were "inscripted" in during privatization. Those who built housing at their own expense obtained a permanent propiska there by definition.
Originally, the noun propiska meant the clerical procedure of registration, or enrolling the person (writing his or her name) into the police records of the local population (or writing down the police permission into the person's identification document – see below). Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary describes this procedure as "to enroll [the document] in a book and stamp it".
The twentieth page of the internal passport of the Russian Empire (see illustration) was entitled Место для пропи́ски ви́довъ поли́цiею 'Space for registration of vidy by police'. Five blank pages (20 to 24) were gradually filled with stamps with the residential address written in. It allowed a person to reside in his/her relevant locality. Article 61 of the Regulations adopted on February 7, 1897 (see pp. 18–19 of the passport) imposed a fine for those found outside the administrative unit (as a rule, uezd) in which they were registered to live.[citation needed]
As a clerical term, the noun вид (vid) is short for вид на жительство (vid na zhitel'stvo). Although translated into English as a 'residential permit', in Russian this also conveys a presence of the right of a resident to live somewhere. In the sense of a "[legal] right" the word vid also appears in the phrase иметь на неё виды (imet' na nejo vidy; 'planning to gain husband's rights with her'). Among many explanations of вид, Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary indicates a "certificate of any kind for free passage, travel and living", mentioning passport as a synonym.
The verb прописать (propisat') was used as a transitive verb with вид4 being the direct object. Not only the passport, but also its owner could serve as the verb's direct object. Reciprocally, прописка became an object which one can have, e.g.: "to have a propiska in Moscow" (иметь прописку в Москве, imet' propisku v Moskve). In common speech, the stamp in the passport into which the residential address was written was also called "propiska".[citation needed]
The origin of the propiska dates back to the Russian Empire, more specifically Peter the Great who wanted to ensure "that serfs stayed in the fields where they belonged." In the pre-Soviet Russian Empire, a person arriving for a new residency was obliged, depending on the estate, to enroll in the registers of the local police authorities. The police could deny undesirable persons the right to settle. In this case, no stamps were made in passport). In most cases, this would mean the person had to return to their permanent domicile.
Passports were abolished after the October Revolution and the free movement of people through the country was established. The 1930 edition of the Small Soviet Encyclopedia even described passports as a tool of control used by the former Tsarist police state. In December 1932, the Central Executive Committee and Sovnarkom, then under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, issued a decree that re-established a unified internal passport.