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Psychological projection
In psychology, psychoanalysis, and psychotherapy, projection is the mental process in which an individual attributes their own internal thoughts, beliefs, emotions, experiences, and personality traits to another person or group.
The American Psychological Association Dictionary of Psychology defines projection as follows:
[T]he process by which one attributes one’s own individual positive or negative characteristics, affects, and impulses to another person or group... often a defense mechanism in which unpleasant or unacceptable impulses, stressors, ideas, affects, or responsibilities are attributed to others. For example, the defense mechanism of projection enables a person conflicted over expressing anger to change “I hate them” to “They hate me.” Such defensive patterns are often used to justify prejudice or evade responsibility.
A prominent precursor in the formulation of the projection principle was Giambattista Vico.[how?] In 1841, Ludwig Feuerbach was the first enlightenment thinker to employ this concept as the basis for a systematic critique of religion.[how?]
The Babylonian Talmud (500 AD) notes the human tendency toward projection and warns against it: "Do not taunt your neighbour with the blemish you yourself have."[attribution needed] In the parable of the Mote and the Beam in the New Testament, Jesus warned against projection:[attribution needed]
Why do you look at the speck of sawdust in your brother's eye and pay no attention to the plank in your own eye? How can you say to your brother, 'Let me take the speck out of your eye,' when all the time there is a plank in your own eye? You hypocrite, first take the plank out of your own eye, and then you will see clearly to remove the speck from your brother's eye.
Projection (German: Projektion) was first conceptualised by Sigmund Freud in his letters to Wilhelm Fliess, and further refined by Karl Abraham and Anna Freud. Freud argued that in projection, thoughts, motivations, desires, and feelings that cannot be accepted as one's own are dealt with by being placed in the outside world and attributed to someone else. Freud would later argue that projection did not take place arbitrarily, but rather seized on and exaggerated an element that already existed on a small scale in the other person.
According to Freud, projective identification occurs when the other person introjects, or unconsciously adopts, that which is projected onto them. In projective identification, the self[clarification needed] maintains a connection with what is projected, in contrast to the total repudiation of projection proper.
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Psychological projection
In psychology, psychoanalysis, and psychotherapy, projection is the mental process in which an individual attributes their own internal thoughts, beliefs, emotions, experiences, and personality traits to another person or group.
The American Psychological Association Dictionary of Psychology defines projection as follows:
[T]he process by which one attributes one’s own individual positive or negative characteristics, affects, and impulses to another person or group... often a defense mechanism in which unpleasant or unacceptable impulses, stressors, ideas, affects, or responsibilities are attributed to others. For example, the defense mechanism of projection enables a person conflicted over expressing anger to change “I hate them” to “They hate me.” Such defensive patterns are often used to justify prejudice or evade responsibility.
A prominent precursor in the formulation of the projection principle was Giambattista Vico.[how?] In 1841, Ludwig Feuerbach was the first enlightenment thinker to employ this concept as the basis for a systematic critique of religion.[how?]
The Babylonian Talmud (500 AD) notes the human tendency toward projection and warns against it: "Do not taunt your neighbour with the blemish you yourself have."[attribution needed] In the parable of the Mote and the Beam in the New Testament, Jesus warned against projection:[attribution needed]
Why do you look at the speck of sawdust in your brother's eye and pay no attention to the plank in your own eye? How can you say to your brother, 'Let me take the speck out of your eye,' when all the time there is a plank in your own eye? You hypocrite, first take the plank out of your own eye, and then you will see clearly to remove the speck from your brother's eye.
Projection (German: Projektion) was first conceptualised by Sigmund Freud in his letters to Wilhelm Fliess, and further refined by Karl Abraham and Anna Freud. Freud argued that in projection, thoughts, motivations, desires, and feelings that cannot be accepted as one's own are dealt with by being placed in the outside world and attributed to someone else. Freud would later argue that projection did not take place arbitrarily, but rather seized on and exaggerated an element that already existed on a small scale in the other person.
According to Freud, projective identification occurs when the other person introjects, or unconsciously adopts, that which is projected onto them. In projective identification, the self[clarification needed] maintains a connection with what is projected, in contrast to the total repudiation of projection proper.