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Pular language
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Pular language
Pular (𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞤪), often referred to as Pula Futa,[dubious – discuss] is a Fula language spoken primarily by the Fula people of Fouta Djallon, Guinea. It is also spoken in Guinea-Bissau, Gambia, Senegal and in parts of Sierra Leone. There are a small number of speakers in Mali. Pular is spoken by 4.3 million Guineans, about 55% of the national population. This makes Pular the most widely spoken indigenous language in the country. Substantial numbers of Pular speakers have migrated to other countries in West Africa, notably Senegal and Ivory Coast.
Pular is not to be confused with Pulaar, another Fula language spoken natively in Guinea, Senegal, Mauritania, and western Mali (including the Futa Tooro region).
Pular is written in three alphabets: Adlam script, Ajami script and the Latin script.
There are some particularities to this version of Fula, including:
Like other varieties of the Fula language, Pular was written before colonization in an Arabic-based orthography called Ajami. Today, Ajami remains prevalent in rural areas of Fouta Djallon, but Pular is mainly written in a Latin-based orthography, the so-called UNESCO orthography and the Adlam script, an indigenous alphabet created at the end of the 1980s by two brothers for the Fula language. Adlam have widely spread over the years in over 20 countries.
Up until 1989, Pular in Guinea was written with the Guinean languages alphabet that differed from that used in other countries.
Despite decades of official endorsement and preference granted to the Latin Alphabet, Pular Ajami writing still remains widespread in every segment of Fuuta Jalon society. The study and literacy in Pular Ajami still forms an important part of Fula-speaking children's formative years.
But despite its widespread and historic usage, the Pular Ajami script remains basic and without standardization, although consistently in the Maghrebi script. The alphabet does not contain any additional letters to represent consonant phonemes that don't exist in Arabic. A single Arabic letter can correspond to multiple Latin letters and digraphs. Some authors do use small dots and markings to denote a different pronunciation. For example, in a Pular text, one may see the letter ba with three small dots 'ݑ' to indicate a [ɓ] or [p] pronunciation instead of a [b] pronunciation.
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Pular language
Pular (𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞤪), often referred to as Pula Futa,[dubious – discuss] is a Fula language spoken primarily by the Fula people of Fouta Djallon, Guinea. It is also spoken in Guinea-Bissau, Gambia, Senegal and in parts of Sierra Leone. There are a small number of speakers in Mali. Pular is spoken by 4.3 million Guineans, about 55% of the national population. This makes Pular the most widely spoken indigenous language in the country. Substantial numbers of Pular speakers have migrated to other countries in West Africa, notably Senegal and Ivory Coast.
Pular is not to be confused with Pulaar, another Fula language spoken natively in Guinea, Senegal, Mauritania, and western Mali (including the Futa Tooro region).
Pular is written in three alphabets: Adlam script, Ajami script and the Latin script.
There are some particularities to this version of Fula, including:
Like other varieties of the Fula language, Pular was written before colonization in an Arabic-based orthography called Ajami. Today, Ajami remains prevalent in rural areas of Fouta Djallon, but Pular is mainly written in a Latin-based orthography, the so-called UNESCO orthography and the Adlam script, an indigenous alphabet created at the end of the 1980s by two brothers for the Fula language. Adlam have widely spread over the years in over 20 countries.
Up until 1989, Pular in Guinea was written with the Guinean languages alphabet that differed from that used in other countries.
Despite decades of official endorsement and preference granted to the Latin Alphabet, Pular Ajami writing still remains widespread in every segment of Fuuta Jalon society. The study and literacy in Pular Ajami still forms an important part of Fula-speaking children's formative years.
But despite its widespread and historic usage, the Pular Ajami script remains basic and without standardization, although consistently in the Maghrebi script. The alphabet does not contain any additional letters to represent consonant phonemes that don't exist in Arabic. A single Arabic letter can correspond to multiple Latin letters and digraphs. Some authors do use small dots and markings to denote a different pronunciation. For example, in a Pular text, one may see the letter ba with three small dots 'ݑ' to indicate a [ɓ] or [p] pronunciation instead of a [b] pronunciation.
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