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Cleavage (embryo)
In embryology, cleavage is the division of cells in the early development of the embryo, following fertilization. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant overall growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula, or of the blastocyst in mammals.
Depending mostly on the concentration of yolk in the egg, the cleavage can be holoblastic (total or complete cleavage) or meroblastic (partial or incomplete cleavage). The pole of the egg with the highest concentration of yolk is referred to as the vegetal pole while the opposite is referred to as the animal pole.
Cleavage differs from other forms of cell division in that it increases the number of cells and nuclear mass without increasing the cytoplasmic mass. This means that with each successive subdivision, there is roughly half the cytoplasm in each daughter cell than before that division, and thus twice the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic material.
Cleavage mechanisms and types are governed by four overarching laws. These laws were derived from early embryonic development patterns discovered that guide the classification and study of cleavage:
1) Pfluger's Law states how the spindle formed will elongate in the direction where the resistance is least or minimal.
2) Balfour's Law discovered that cleavage tends to perform at a rate based on the amount of yolk present and the yolk's inverse ratio in holoblastic cleavage. The law also covers how the yolk restricts or interferes with division in the cytoplasm and nucleus.
3) Sack's Law articulates the equal part division of cells during cleavage and describes the two-part division through right angles of the previous planes to make new planes.
4) Hertwig's Law governs the discovery of the nucleus's general location and its spindles in the active protoplasm's center. The law covers every axis of any division's spindle and is generally located at the longest axis of the protoplasmic masses. Like in Sack's law, the discovery of divisions by right angles makes an appearance again, but with the cut of the protoplasmic masses by right angles to their axes.
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Cleavage (embryo)
In embryology, cleavage is the division of cells in the early development of the embryo, following fertilization. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant overall growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula, or of the blastocyst in mammals.
Depending mostly on the concentration of yolk in the egg, the cleavage can be holoblastic (total or complete cleavage) or meroblastic (partial or incomplete cleavage). The pole of the egg with the highest concentration of yolk is referred to as the vegetal pole while the opposite is referred to as the animal pole.
Cleavage differs from other forms of cell division in that it increases the number of cells and nuclear mass without increasing the cytoplasmic mass. This means that with each successive subdivision, there is roughly half the cytoplasm in each daughter cell than before that division, and thus twice the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic material.
Cleavage mechanisms and types are governed by four overarching laws. These laws were derived from early embryonic development patterns discovered that guide the classification and study of cleavage:
1) Pfluger's Law states how the spindle formed will elongate in the direction where the resistance is least or minimal.
2) Balfour's Law discovered that cleavage tends to perform at a rate based on the amount of yolk present and the yolk's inverse ratio in holoblastic cleavage. The law also covers how the yolk restricts or interferes with division in the cytoplasm and nucleus.
3) Sack's Law articulates the equal part division of cells during cleavage and describes the two-part division through right angles of the previous planes to make new planes.
4) Hertwig's Law governs the discovery of the nucleus's general location and its spindles in the active protoplasm's center. The law covers every axis of any division's spindle and is generally located at the longest axis of the protoplasmic masses. Like in Sack's law, the discovery of divisions by right angles makes an appearance again, but with the cut of the protoplasmic masses by right angles to their axes.