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Revolution of the 44 AI simulator
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Revolution of the 44
The Revolution of the 44 (Spanish: Revolución de los 44) was a military rebellion led by a group of Salvadoran generals and landowners, known as "the 44", against the government of President General Carlos Ezeta and Vice President General Antonio Ezeta.
The rebellion began in late-April 1894 when rebels captured the western Salvadoran city of Santa Ana, upon which, Ezeta declared a state of siege. By mid-June 1894, the rebels ousted the Ezeta brothers and installed General Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez as the country's provisional president.
On 22 June 1890, President General Francisco Menéndez was overthrown and killed in a coup d'état led by General Carlos Ezeta with the support of some indigenous Salvadorans. Carlos Ezeta overthrew Menéndez as, during the 1885 coup d'état against President Rafael Zaldívar in which Menéndez assumed the presidency, Carlos Ezeta (who was one of the coup's leaders) wanted the presidency for himself but did not receive it. After seizing the presidency, Carlos Ezeta blamed the "conspiratorial" junta of 1885 for excluding him from the presidency. Carlos Ezeta rewarded 32 military officers who supported his coup by granting them promotions.
The Guatemalan government refused to recognize Carlos Ezeta's government and declared war on El Salvador on 27 June 1890. Guatemalan forces and Salvadoran exiles under General Cayetano Sánchez clashed with Salvadoran forces under General Antonio Ezeta—Carlos Ezeta's brother—on 21 July outside of the Salvadoran city of Coatepeque, ending in a Guatemalan victory. Additionally, General José María Rivas, who had participated in several rebellions against several Salvadoran governments since the 1870s, rebelled against Carlos Ezeta and occupied the capital city San Salvador. Rivas was ultimately defeated and executed. The war between El Salvador and Guatemala ended with the signing of a peace treaty on 9 July 1890 on the condition that the Salvadoran people would be able to elect the country's president. Despite the peace treaty, Salvadoran and Guatemalan forces clashed again on 3 August near the town of Tempisque, ending in a Salvadoran victory.
During the 1891 presidential election, Carlos Ezeta won the presidency by a margin of 52,342 votes to 19 against. Antonio Ezeta was elected as vice president by a similar margin to the presidential election. The brothers assumed office on 1 March 1891 to serve a four year term, and Antonio Ezeta was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Salvadoran Army.
On the morning of 29 April 1894, a group of rebels and landowners, known as "the 44", captured the western Salvadoran city of Santa Ana. The rebels, who had arrived from exile in Guatemala, captured the city's army barracks and forced Antonio Ezeta and General Jacinto Colocho, the barrack's commander, to flee the city to Coatepeque. In response to the rebellion, which numbered around 500 rebels and was supported by an additional 5,000 soldiers from Guatemala and Honduras, Carlos Ezeta invoked articles 4 and 91 of the constitution and declared a state of siege for twenty-nine days. In a public announcement issued through the Diario Oficial newspaper on the day the rebellion began, Carlos Ezeta stated:
Salvadorans: A seditious movement has just erupted in Santa Ana, that, although isolated and without elements to extend itself, it clearly reveals that the enemies of the fatherland do not rest in their ungrateful task to harm the country snatch the benefits of peace, that it has enjoyed until now. A treacherous hand, the eternal enemy of our autonomy, has given impulse to a handful of rebels, who promptly will be terribly chastened, because the wicked who want to bring the country the disgraces and calamities of a civil war do not deserve anything else. Salvadorans! I do not need more than a small force of our patriotism to annihilate the disturbers of order, and once again taste the autonomy and independence that El Salvador has conquered with many sacrifices, they are now indestructible, because the brilliant army that sustains it and the people will give everything until the last drop of blood in defense of that precious conquest, if necessary. Otherwise, tranquilly rest in that our Chief will know in any case how to fulfill his duty and always end all causes of disorder and anarchy.
— President General Carlos Ezeta, 29 April 1894
Revolution of the 44
The Revolution of the 44 (Spanish: Revolución de los 44) was a military rebellion led by a group of Salvadoran generals and landowners, known as "the 44", against the government of President General Carlos Ezeta and Vice President General Antonio Ezeta.
The rebellion began in late-April 1894 when rebels captured the western Salvadoran city of Santa Ana, upon which, Ezeta declared a state of siege. By mid-June 1894, the rebels ousted the Ezeta brothers and installed General Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez as the country's provisional president.
On 22 June 1890, President General Francisco Menéndez was overthrown and killed in a coup d'état led by General Carlos Ezeta with the support of some indigenous Salvadorans. Carlos Ezeta overthrew Menéndez as, during the 1885 coup d'état against President Rafael Zaldívar in which Menéndez assumed the presidency, Carlos Ezeta (who was one of the coup's leaders) wanted the presidency for himself but did not receive it. After seizing the presidency, Carlos Ezeta blamed the "conspiratorial" junta of 1885 for excluding him from the presidency. Carlos Ezeta rewarded 32 military officers who supported his coup by granting them promotions.
The Guatemalan government refused to recognize Carlos Ezeta's government and declared war on El Salvador on 27 June 1890. Guatemalan forces and Salvadoran exiles under General Cayetano Sánchez clashed with Salvadoran forces under General Antonio Ezeta—Carlos Ezeta's brother—on 21 July outside of the Salvadoran city of Coatepeque, ending in a Guatemalan victory. Additionally, General José María Rivas, who had participated in several rebellions against several Salvadoran governments since the 1870s, rebelled against Carlos Ezeta and occupied the capital city San Salvador. Rivas was ultimately defeated and executed. The war between El Salvador and Guatemala ended with the signing of a peace treaty on 9 July 1890 on the condition that the Salvadoran people would be able to elect the country's president. Despite the peace treaty, Salvadoran and Guatemalan forces clashed again on 3 August near the town of Tempisque, ending in a Salvadoran victory.
During the 1891 presidential election, Carlos Ezeta won the presidency by a margin of 52,342 votes to 19 against. Antonio Ezeta was elected as vice president by a similar margin to the presidential election. The brothers assumed office on 1 March 1891 to serve a four year term, and Antonio Ezeta was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Salvadoran Army.
On the morning of 29 April 1894, a group of rebels and landowners, known as "the 44", captured the western Salvadoran city of Santa Ana. The rebels, who had arrived from exile in Guatemala, captured the city's army barracks and forced Antonio Ezeta and General Jacinto Colocho, the barrack's commander, to flee the city to Coatepeque. In response to the rebellion, which numbered around 500 rebels and was supported by an additional 5,000 soldiers from Guatemala and Honduras, Carlos Ezeta invoked articles 4 and 91 of the constitution and declared a state of siege for twenty-nine days. In a public announcement issued through the Diario Oficial newspaper on the day the rebellion began, Carlos Ezeta stated:
Salvadorans: A seditious movement has just erupted in Santa Ana, that, although isolated and without elements to extend itself, it clearly reveals that the enemies of the fatherland do not rest in their ungrateful task to harm the country snatch the benefits of peace, that it has enjoyed until now. A treacherous hand, the eternal enemy of our autonomy, has given impulse to a handful of rebels, who promptly will be terribly chastened, because the wicked who want to bring the country the disgraces and calamities of a civil war do not deserve anything else. Salvadorans! I do not need more than a small force of our patriotism to annihilate the disturbers of order, and once again taste the autonomy and independence that El Salvador has conquered with many sacrifices, they are now indestructible, because the brilliant army that sustains it and the people will give everything until the last drop of blood in defense of that precious conquest, if necessary. Otherwise, tranquilly rest in that our Chief will know in any case how to fulfill his duty and always end all causes of disorder and anarchy.
— President General Carlos Ezeta, 29 April 1894