The rosy thrush-tanager (Rhodinocichla rosea) or rose-breasted thrush-tanager is a species of bird in its own family, Rhodinocichlidae. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela.

The rosy thrush-tanager has a complicated taxonomic history. It was formally described in 1832 with the binomial Furnarius roseus, identifying it as a hornero in the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It was later recognized as an oscine ("songbird") and in 1853 was placed in its own genus Rhodinocichla. Its placement was not settled; nineteenth century authors suggested it belonged to one of several families. In the early twentieth century it settled into the tanager family Thraupidae and remained there into the twenty-first. A 2015 study suggested that it belonged in its own family. This classification was soon adopted by some taxonomic systems but others placed it as incertae sedis pending further evaluation. By 2018 the major systems had assigned it to its own family Rhodinocichlidae and placed it in the linear sequence between the families Calcariidae (longspurs and snow buntings) and emberizidae (Old World buntings).

The rosy thrush-tanager has these five subspecies:

Within the species, the Clements taxonomy calls R. r. schistacea the "rosy thrush-tanager (Mexican)", R. r. eximia the "rosy thrush-tanager (Panama)", and the other three as a group, the "rosy thrush-tanager (southern)".

The rosy thrush-tanager is 19 to 21.5 cm (7.5 to 8.5 in) long and weighs about 43 to 52 g (1.5 to 1.8 oz). It is a slim bird with a wide rounded tail and a long decurved bill. With these characteristics it resembles a mockingbird or thrasher (Mimidae). The species is sexually dimorphic. Adult males of the nominate subspecies R. r. rosea have rosy red lores that become a white supercilium that extends well past the eye. Their crown, face, nape, back, rump, wings, and tail are dark gray to blackish gray. Their throat and central breast and belly are rosy red. The sides of their breast and belly and their flanks are blackish gray. Adult females have a similar pattern to the male's. However, the male's rosy red areas are deep cinnamon, rufus orange, or tawny, and their upperparts are paler than the male's.

The other subspecies of the rosy thrush-tanager differ from the nominate and each other thus:

Both sexes of all subspecies have a brown iris, a black maxilla, a pale horn-gray mandible, and dark grayish brown legs and feet. The maxilla and mandible have varying amounts of yellow, even among individuals of a subspecies.

The rosy thrush-tanager has a highly disjunct distribution: No two subspecies have contiguous ranges. They are found thus: