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Richard Arnell
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Arnell in 1954.

Richard Anthony Sayer Arnell (15 September 1917 – 10 April 2009) was an English composer of classical music. Arnell composed in all the established genres for the concert stage, and his list of works includes six completed symphonies and six string quartets.[1] At the Trinity College of Music, he "promoted a pioneering interest in film scores and electronic music" and jazz.

Life and career

[edit]

Arnell was born in Hampstead, London, the son of Hélène Marie (Scherf) and Richard Sayer Arnell.[2] In contrast to his grandfather, who played the violin in the Hastings Municipal Orchestra, his father was the architect and builder of the 28-acre Kingsway and Aldwych project, which was completed in 1905.[3] Arnell studied at the Royal College of Music in London from 1935 to 1939, and was taught there by John Ireland (composition) and John Arthur St. Oswald Dykes (piano). He was awarded the Farrar Prize for composition during his final year at the college. At the outset of the Second World War, attending the New York World Fair, Arnell (along with other English composers, e.g. Arthur Bliss) was stranded in New York, and stayed on until 1947, thereby finding himself in the position of having an established reputation in the US, but remaining relatively little known in his homeland. During his American sojourn, Arnell was the Music Supervisor for the BBC in North America, and was commissioned to compose (to a text by Stephen Spender) a cantata, The War God, in celebration of the opening of the United Nations, as well as a fanfare to greet Winston Churchill's arrival in New York.

His music has been championed by Thomas Beecham, Leopold Stokowski and Bernard Herrmann, among others and more recently by Warren Cohen and Martin Yates (one of his composition students at Trinity).[4] With the exception of a break from 1967 to 1970 to act as Visiting Fulbright Professor at Bowdoin College, Maine, from 1967 to 1968 (in an exchange with Elliott Schwartz), and at Hofstra University, New York, from 1968 to 1970, he taught at Trinity College of Music in London between 1947 and 1987, where his students included Peter Tahourdin (1949–52),[5] electronic composer David Hewson, who worked with him on films including Dilemma (1981), Doctor in the Sky (1984), Toulouse-Lautrec (1986), and The Light of the World (1989), was one of his pupils.[6]

Arnell composed the music for The Land (1942), a 45-minute documentary film directed by Robert J. Flaherty for the US Department of Agriculture. He was also commissioned by the Ford Motor Company to compose a symphonic suite inspired by the workers in the factory at Dagenham. The resulting work accompanies a film entitled Opus 65. Arnell established and headed the Music Department at the London International Film School until his retirement in the late 1980s. Mention must also be made of Arnell's extraordinary support and concern for a large number of musicians and artists both young and old as can be seen in his friendship and support for the painter Mark Rothko.

He was also known for his major works for the ballet as can be seen in his collaborations with choreographers of the stature of George Balanchine, John Cranko and Frederick Ashton. His many ballets have been successfully staged in both New York and London. His score for Punch and the Child was recorded by Sir Thomas Beecham with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, a recording which has seldom been out of the catalogue.

All seven of Arnell's numbered symphonies together with the Sinfonia Quasi Variazioni, the Piano Concerto (soloist David Owen Norris), the two Violin Concertos (soloist Lorraine MacAslan), Lord Byron: a Symphonic Portrait, Robert Flaherty Impression, Prelude The Black Mountain and the early Overture The New Age, received their world premiere recordings by conductor Martin Yates and the Royal Scottish National Orchestra between 2005 and 2008. The premiere recordings of the ballets The Angels, Harlequin in April and The Great Detective, together with Punch and the Child, were recorded by Martin Yates and the BBC Concert Orchestra in 2008–09.

Arnell had left sketches for a Seventh Symphony, dedicated to Nelson Mandela, at the time of his death, and it has since been realised and completed by Martin Yates. It was recorded in the summer of 2010 by Yates and the RSNO and was issued by Dutton Epoch.[7] The same label has also issued recordings of the rest of the Symphonies, the String Quartets (played by the Tippett Quartet),[8] and works for chamber orchestra.[9][10]

Arnell is acknowledged as being one of the most masterly orchestrators of the twentieth century, Sir Thomas Beecham describing him as the best orchestrator since Berlioz.[citation needed]

Some of his manuscripts are in the collection of the University of California, Santa Barbara library.[11]

Selected works

[edit]

Orchestral works

[edit]
  • Sinfonia for Orchestra (1938)
  • Sinfonia for Strings (1939)
  • Classical Variations (string orchestra), Op. 1 (1939)
  • Overture, The New Age, Op. 2 (1939)
  • Divertimento No.1, for piano and chamber orchestra, Op. 5 (1939)
  • Overture, 1940, Op. 6 (1940)
  • Divertimento No.2, for chamber orchestra, Op. 7 (1940)
  • Violin Concerto (No. 1) in one movement, Op. 9 (1940)
  • Sinfonia Quasi Variazioni, Op. 13 (1941)
  • Fantasia for Orchestra, Op. 17 (1941)
  • Symphonic Suite – Six Episodes for Orchestra, Op. 27 (1941)
  • Symphony No. 1, Op. 31 (1943)
  • Symphony No. 2, Op. 33 Rufus (1942/44)
  • Symphony No. 3, Op. 40 (1944–45)
  • Canzona and Capriccio for Violin and Strings, Op. 37 (1945)
  • Piano Concerto No. 1, Op.44 (1946)
  • Prelude The Black Mountain, Op. 46 (1946)
  • Abstract Forms (string orchestra), Op. 50 (1947)
  • Concerto for Harpsichord and Chamber Orchestra, Op. 51 (1947)
  • Symphony No. 4, Op. 52 (1948)
  • Lord Byron – a Symphonic Portrait, Op. 67 (1952)
  • Concerto Capriccioso for Violin and Small Orchestra (No. 2), Op.70 (1954)
  • Symphony No. 5, Op. 77 (1955)
  • Landscapes and Figures, Op. 78 (1956)
  • Robert Flaherty – Impression, Op. 87 (1958)
  • Divertimento Concertante for Cello and String Orchestra, Op. 90 (1958)
  • Sections, for Piano and Orchestra, Op. 110 (1967)
  • Overture, The Food of Love, Op. 112 (1968)
  • Ode to Beecham (with narrator), Op. 154 (1986)
  • Symphony No. 6, Op. 171 The Anvil (1992–94)
  • Symphony No. 7, Op. 201 Mandela (1996)

Chamber works

[edit]
  • String Quartet No. 1, Op. 4 (1939)
  • String Quartet No. 2, Op. 14 (1941)
  • Oboe Quintet, Op. 38 (1944)
  • String Quartet No. 3, Op. 41 (1945)
  • Cassation for wind quintet, Op. 45 (1945)
  • Piano Trio, Op. 47 (1946)
  • Violin Sonata No. 2, Op. 55
  • Serenade for ten wind instruments and double bass, Op. 57 (1949)
  • String Quintet, Op. 60 (1950)
  • Sonatina for piano duet, Op. 61
  • String Quartet No. 4, Op. 62 (1950)
  • Brass Quintet, Op. 93
  • String Quartet No. 5, Op. 99 (1962)
  • String Quartet No. 6, Op. 170 (1994)
  • Piano Quartet
  • RVW's Almanac (Clarinet Quartet)
  • Variations on an American Theme for violin and piano
  • Horn Quartet

Solo works

[edit]
  • 2 piano sonatas
  • 2 organ sonatas
  • Sonatina for piano duet, Op 61 (1950)
  • Variations on Eine Feste Burg for Organ
  • unaccompanied pieces for violin, viola and cello
  • numerous sets of variations for piano solo

Stage works

[edit]
  • Punch and the Child (ballet)
  • Harlequin in April (ballet, 1951)
  • The Great Detective (ballet)
  • The Angels (ballet)
  • Moonflowers (chamber opera)
  • Love in Transit (chamber opera)
  • The Petrified Princess (puppet opera)

Vocal/choral works

[edit]
  • Cantata The War God, for soprano, chorus and orchestra, Op. 36 (1945)
  • Ode to the West Wind, for soprano and orchestra, Op. 59 (1949)
  • Six Lawrence Songs
  • Con Amore
  • Xanadu
  • Cretaceous Intermission
  • Five Emily Songs

Mixed media (electric/acoustic) works

[edit]
  • I Think of all Soft Limbs
  • Nocturne: Prague
  • Astronaut

Film scores

[edit]
  • The Land
  • Opus 65
  • The Visit (1964)
  • The Third Secret (1964)
  • Topsail Schooner
  • The Man Outside (1967)
  • Bequest to a Village
  • Stained Glass
  • The Black Panther (1977) (with David Hewson)
  • The Antagonist (with David Hewson)
  • Dilemma (with David Hewson)
  • Toulouse-Lautrec (with David Hewson)
  • Doctor in the Sky (with David Hewson)
  • We Are Many (with David Hewson)
  • The Light of the World (with David Hewson)

References

[edit]
[edit]
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Richard Arnell

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Richard Arnell was an English composer known for his prolific output across orchestral, chamber, ballet, film, and electronic music, as well as his pioneering role in music education. Born on 15 September 1917 in London, Arnell studied composition at the Royal College of Music under John Ireland from 1936 to 1939, where he won the Farrar prize. He relocated to the United States shortly after graduation for the New York World's Fair and remained there during World War II, achieving early recognition with premieres supported by conductors Bernard Herrmann and Virgil Thomson. Returning to Britain in 1947, Arnell taught composition at Trinity College of Music from 1949 to 1981, where he introduced courses in film scoring, electronic music, and jazz, while also serving as music consultant at the London Film School. His catalogue includes six symphonies, ballets such as Punch and the Child and Harlequin in April, concertos, chamber works, and scores for films including The Land and The Third Secret. Works such as Symphony No. 3 and the symphonic portrait Lord Byron received prominent performances under Thomas Beecham and John Barbirolli. Although his music fell into relative neglect after the mid-20th century, recent recordings on labels such as Dutton Epoch have revived interest in his oeuvre. Arnell continued composing into his later years and died on 10 April 2009 in Bromley, England.

Early life and education

Birth and family background

Richard Anthony Sayer Arnell was born on 15 September 1917 in Hampstead, London. Always known familiarly as "Tony", he claimed that his birth occurred during a Zeppelin raid in World War I. His family background included musical influences, with his grandfather serving as a violinist in the Hastings Municipal Orchestra. His father was a builder and creator of the 28-acre Kingsway and Aldwych development in London, which was completed in 1905. This environment contributed to Arnell's early exposure to the arts, and he played the piano from childhood. In his early teens, Arnell pursued music as his primary interest. His formal training began at the Royal College of Music.

Education at the Royal College of Music

Richard Arnell attended the Royal College of Music in London from 1935 to 1939, where he pursued formal training in composition and organ. His principal teacher was the composer John Ireland, under whom he studied composition and developed his early style as a prizewinning student. He also received instruction in organ from John Dykes Bower. Arnell distinguished himself during his studies by winning the Farrar Prize for composition, awarded in 1938. An early violin concerto was performed at the College in 1938, demonstrating his attraction to writing for solo violin from the outset of his career. Several of his early opus-numbered works originated during this formative period at the Royal College.

Career in the United States

World War II exile and early commissions

Richard Arnell traveled to New York with his first wife for the 1939 World's Fair, but the outbreak of World War II stranded them there, and on the advice of the British Consul General, he remained in the United States until 1947. During this period of unplanned exile, Arnell quickly became part of the New York musical community, forming connections with figures such as Bernard Herrmann, and continued to compose prolifically despite the challenges of the wartime environment. His early works from this time included the Classical Variations in C for strings, designated as his Op. 1, which received its first professional broadcast on New York's WQXR station in 1941. Arnell also composed Symphony No. 1, Op. 31, in 1943, along with other early symphonies that reflected his developing orchestral voice during the American years. Notable commissions emerged from his U.S. residence, including the cantata The War God, Op. 36, set to a text by Stephen Spender, which premiered in New York under Bernard Herrmann in 1945 to mark the San Francisco United Nations Conference. Another work from this era was Ceremonial and Flourish for brass, composed in 1946 for Winston Churchill's visit to Columbia University. He also served as a consultant for the BBC North American Service during part of his stay.

BBC North American Service

Richard Arnell served as Music Consultant to the BBC's North American Service from 1943 to 1946. This position came during his wartime residence in the United States, where he remained after the outbreak of World War II prevented his return to Britain, on advice from the British consulate while attending the New York World's Fair. In this capacity, he worked for the BBC's overseas service broadcasting to North American audiences throughout the conflict.

Post-war career in Britain

Teaching at Trinity College of Music

Richard Arnell returned to Britain in 1947 after spending the war years in the United States. In 1948 he became Professor of Composition at Trinity College of Music in London, a post he held until 1981. He then served as Principal Lecturer at the college from 1981 until 1987, retiring in the late 1980s after nearly four decades on the staff. Arnell proved an influential teacher of composition at Trinity, where he remained notably sympathetic to emerging musical developments. He promoted a pioneering interest in film scores and electronic music among students, while also encouraging work in mixed media. He was one of the first teachers at the college to take jazz seriously, broadening the scope of compositional training. Among his pupils was the conductor Martin Yates, who studied composition under Arnell at Trinity and later became a prominent champion of his teacher's music by recording many of Arnell's works.

London International Film School and other roles

Arnell pursued a diverse range of academic and administrative roles alongside his primary teaching position at Trinity College of Music. He lectured at the Royal Ballet School from 1958 to 1959. He went on to serve as editor of The Composer journal from 1961 to 1964. In the Composers’ Guild of Great Britain, he held the position of chairman in 1964 and again from 1974 to 1975, later becoming vice president from 1992. A Fulbright award enabled Arnell to teach in the United States as visiting professor at Bowdoin College in Maine from 1967 to 1968 and at Hofstra University in New York from 1968 to 1970. From 1975 to 1988, Arnell founded and headed the Music Department at the London International Film School, where he served as music director and consultant, contributing significantly to the training of film composers.

Concert and symphonic compositions

Symphonies

Richard Arnell composed seven numbered symphonies over the course of his career, with six completed during his lifetime and the seventh realized posthumously from sketches by Martin Yates. He also produced other large-scale orchestral works in a symphonic vein, including the early Sinfonia Quasi Variazioni, Op. 13, which has been regarded as a precursor to his mature symphonic style and effectively an unnumbered "Symphony No. 0," and Lord Byron – a Symphonic Portrait, Op. 67. Arnell's Symphony No. 1, Op. 31 dates from 1943. His Symphony No. 2, Op. 33, subtitled "Rufus," was composed between 1942 and 1944 during his wartime exile in New York under a pseudonym for a competition and reflects the turbulence of the era. Symphony No. 3, Op. 40 (1944–45) emerged from the World War II period, incorporating influences from his experiences and the resilience shown amid conflict. Symphony No. 4, Op. 52 was begun in New York in the spring of 1948 and completed in London in July 1948, emerging as a concise work with a notably engaging finale. Symphony No. 5, Op. 77 was written in London between 1955 and 1957 and later revised, presenting an earnest, epic statement with rhetorical grandeur and a central movement combining slow and scherzo elements. Symphony No. 6, Op. 171 "The Anvil" was composed between 1992 and 1994. Symphony No. 7, Op. 201 "Mandela" was originally conceived as an eightieth-birthday tribute to Nelson Mandela and worked on between 1996 and 2005 until Arnell's eyesight and hearing failed; Martin Yates completed it from the sketches, resulting in a big-hearted work featuring angular dissonance alongside a disarmingly simple culminating tune. Premiere recordings of many of Arnell's symphonies and related orchestral works were made in the 2000s by Martin Yates conducting the Royal Scottish National Orchestra for Dutton Epoch.

Ballets

Richard Arnell's ballets form a significant portion of his output in the late 1940s and 1950s, with several receiving prominent premieres and stagings. Punch and the Child was commissioned for the New York City Ballet in 1947 and later recorded by Sir Thomas Beecham with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Harlequin in April premiered at Sadler's Wells in 1951 and became Arnell's most enduring work for the theatre, enjoying wide touring and multiple productions. The Great Detective followed at Sadler's Wells in 1953, notable for its theme inspired by Sherlock Holmes. The Angels was premiered at Sadler's Wells in 1957, concluding this series of ballets for the company during the decade. These staged works, particularly those at Sadler's Wells, contributed to Arnell's early recognition as a composer for dance.

Other orchestral and chamber works

Richard Arnell's catalogue of orchestral and chamber music encompasses a variety of concertos, descriptive orchestral pieces, and an extensive chamber output, showcasing his versatility in instrumental writing. His concertos include the Piano Concerto No. 1, Op. 44 (1946), a work for piano and orchestra, and the Violin Concerto No. 2 (Concerto Capriccioso), Op. 70 (1954), noted for its capricious character. Additional concertos feature other solo instruments, including one for harpsichord. Among his other orchestral compositions are Robert Flaherty – Impression, Op. 87 (1958), an evocative tone poem inspired by the documentary filmmaker Robert Flaherty, and Ode to Beecham, Op. 154 (1986), a tribute to the conductor Sir Thomas Beecham. Arnell's chamber music includes six string quartets composed across several decades, with the first three originating during his time in New York City in the late 1930s and early 1940s; the First Quartet is a single-movement work from 1939, and the Third dates from 1945. His chamber output also encompasses a string trio, string quintet, piano trio, oboe quintet, various sets of variations, sonatas and sonatinas for different instruments, and pieces for harp. After 1968, Arnell began incorporating electronic and mixed-media elements into some works, reflecting a shift in his compositional approach later in life.

Film and television scores

Documentary and feature film contributions

Richard Arnell composed scores for a variety of documentary and feature films throughout his career, beginning during his wartime exile in the United States. His first major contribution was the music for the documentary The Land (1941–42), directed by Robert J. Flaherty for the US Department of Agriculture, depicting agricultural challenges in the Tennessee Valley; Arnell later extracted a symphonic suite from this score. In 1952, commissioned by the Ford Motor Company, Arnell composed Opus 65, a symphonic work inspired by industrial processes at their Dagenham plant; the promotional film Opus 65 was then produced to match the structure of this music. Arnell's feature film work included original scores for The Third Secret (1964), The Visit (1964), The Man Outside (1967), and The Black Panther (1977), with Arnell occasionally serving as conductor on his own soundtracks. His later contributions encompassed documentaries and other projects such as Dilemma (1981), Doctor in the Sky (1984), Toulouse-Lautrec (1986), and The Light of the World (1989), many created in collaboration with David Hewson. He also scored shorts including Bequest to a Village (1969) and Chickens Never Walk Backwards (1982), along with television work such as Masters of Animation (1986). After acquiring synthesizers in 1968, Arnell increasingly incorporated electronic elements into his film and media compositions.

Personal life

Marriages and family

Richard Arnell was married eight times. His first marriage was to Charlotte Augusta Cronin-Lowe in 1938, with whom he had one daughter; the marriage was dissolved in 1946. In 1947, he married Lois Ross, and they had one daughter. Subsequent marriages were to Colette Bradley, with whom he had one daughter, and to Ann Georgina Tillotson, with whom he had one son. He later married Maxine Leah (de Sellice), Charlotte Jennings (a painter with whom he collaborated on artistic projects), Audrey Millar Paul, and finally Joan Cynthia Nita Heycock, who predeceased him in 2004. Arnell had at least four children from these marriages, including daughters and a son. He was noted for his wit and lively social presence, particularly as a member of the Savile Club and the Savage Club.

Later years and death

In his later years, Arnell retired to the south of France with his last wife, Joan Heycock. Following her death in 2004, he returned to the United Kingdom and resided in the Musicians Benevolent Fund Home in Bromley, Kent, until the home's closure shortly before his death. Arnell maintained an interest in electronic music—which he had explored since becoming acquainted with synthesisers in the late 1960s—and in film scoring into his later career, including serving as Music Director at the London International Film School until 1988. He continued to compose into his nineties while living in the Musicians' Benevolent Home. Arnell died peacefully on 10 April 2009 in Bromley, aged 91.

Legacy and reception

Early recognition and champions

Richard Arnell gained significant early recognition in the post-war years through the advocacy of prominent conductors and consistent programming at major British festivals. Sir Thomas Beecham became one of his most dedicated champions, conducting the premieres of five Arnell works in London between 1951 and 1956. Beecham also recorded Arnell's ballet Punch and the Child (1948) with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, helping to bring his orchestral writing to wider attention. Arnell's music enjoyed regular performances at the Cheltenham Festival during the 1950s. These appearances, along with engagements at other festivals, established him as a prominent British composer of the decade. His works also found support from conductors Leopold Stokowski and Bernard Herrmann, contributing to performances and recognition in the United States during and after the war years. This period marked the height of Arnell's prominence before a later decline in attention.

Period of neglect and posthumous rediscovery

Following the death of Thomas Beecham in 1961, Richard Arnell never found another champion of comparable influence, and his works received increasingly fewer performances as the rise of avant-garde trends overshadowed his more traditional style. This decline accelerated under William Glock's musical directorship at the BBC from 1959, where composers resisting serialism, including Arnell, were seldom granted airtime, resulting in an ever-decreasing number of broadcasts and concert appearances throughout the 1960s. During a Fulbright professorship in the United States from 1967 to 1970, Arnell became interested in synthesizers after exposure to early Moog-related developments and shifted his creative focus toward electronic music; he later reflected in 1984 that "the machine has changed my life" and that from 1968 onward he composed only two works for conventional concert forces. This change contributed to his virtual absence from orchestral programs and commercial recordings, leaving his large output largely unperformed and unrecorded for decades. Obituaries described Arnell as an "unjustly neglected composer" whose substantial catalogue had faded from public and institutional attention. His music underwent a rediscovery in the 2000s, driven primarily by his former pupil, conductor Martin Yates, who recorded numerous major works—including symphonies, concertos, ballets, and chamber pieces—for the Dutton Epoch label. These efforts brought the music to new audiences, with Yates noting in 2005 that it was "incomprehensible" to be recording key pieces like the Third Symphony for the first time; several volumes received Gramophone magazine's Editor's Choice designation.

References

  1. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/apr/24/obituary-richard-arnell-composer
  2. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/richard-arnell-unjustly-neglected-composer-who-has-found-a-new-audience-through-recent-recordings-1681850.html
  3. https://www.prestomusic.com/classical/composers/5474--arnell
  4. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0036195/
  5. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/music-obituaries/5252799/Richard-Arnell.html
  6. https://d2vhizysjb6bpn.cloudfront.net/TOCC0492DIGIBKLT.pdf
  7. https://broadbent-dunn.com/biographies/arnell-richard/
  8. https://www.the-independent.com/news/obituaries/richard-arnell-unjustly-neglected-composer-who-has-found-a-new-audience-through-recent-recordings-1681850.html
  9. http://www.musicweb-international.com/arnell/
  10. https://www.duttonvocalion.co.uk/proddetail.php?prod=CDLX7217&cat=396
  11. https://britishmusiccollection.org.uk/composer/richard-anthony-arnell
  12. https://imdb.com/name/nm0036195/trivia/?ref_=nm_dyk_trv
  13. https://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/arnell-symphony-no-7-bate-s-symphony-no-4
  14. https://www.amazon.com/Arnell-Symphony-Anvil-Sinfonia-Variazioni/dp/B001J6E04Q
  15. https://www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/7960209--dunhill-symphony-in-a-minor-arnell-lord-byron-symphonic-portrait
  16. https://open.spotify.com/album/2JMN58cayoCwfchLEQ7qkt
  17. http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2007/Sept07/Arnell_symphonies_CDLX7184_CDLX7194.htm
  18. http://www.classical.net/music/recs/reviews/d/dut07161a.php
  19. https://www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/7957872--richard-arnell-symphonies-nos-4-5
  20. https://www.audaud.com/richard-arnell-ballet-music-the-great-detective-the-angels-bbc-concert-orchestramartin-yates-dutton/
  21. https://www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/7981036--arnell-punch-and-the-child
  22. https://www.allmusic.com/album/richard-arnell-the-great-detective-the-angels-ballet-music-mw0001946885
  23. https://www.prestomusic.com/sheet-music/composers/12799--arnell
  24. https://www.schott-music.com/en/person/richard-arnell
  25. https://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/arnell-string-quartets
  26. https://sqblog.jhredguitar.com/uncategorized/richard-arnell-string-quartets-nos-3-4/
  27. https://catalog.freelibrary.org/Author/Home?author=Arnell%2C+Richard%2C+1917-2009.
  28. https://www.acmi.net.au/works/71198--opus-65/
  29. https://rateyourmusic.com/films/richard_arnell/
  30. https://www.muzines.co.uk/articles/danse-electronique/1771
  31. http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2004/feb04/Beecham_Sibelius_Arnell.htm
  32. https://broadbent-dunn.com/product/richard-arnell-string-quintet-opus-60/
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