Robert Hooke was born in Freshwater on the Isle of Wight, England, to John Hooke, a curate, and Cecily Gyles. A sickly child, he was initially educated at home, showing early talent in drawing and mechanical contrivances, skills that would prove invaluable throughout his scientific career.

Following his father's death, Hooke was sent to London to apprentice with painter Peter Lely. However, finding the pigments affected his health, he instead attended Westminster School under Dr. Richard Busby, a renowned headmaster. Here, he mastered Latin and Greek, and further developed his aptitude for mathematics and mechanics, laying the groundwork for his future scientific endeavors.

Hooke matriculated at Wadham College, Oxford, where he served as a chemical assistant to Thomas Willis and became affiliated with the group that would later form the Royal Society. His most significant association during this period was with Robert Boyle, for whom he designed and operated the improved air pump, contributing significantly to Boyle's experiments on gases and vacuums. This collaboration marked the beginning of Hooke's rise as a prominent experimental scientist.

Hooke was appointed Curator of Experiments for the newly formed Royal Society of London, a position he held for the rest of his life. This role required him to devise and demonstrate experiments at the Society's meetings, a task that showcased his ingenuity and broad scientific knowledge. He was also formally admitted to the Society as a Fellow in 1663, marking his official recognition within the scientific community.

Hooke published "Micrographia", a groundbreaking book featuring detailed illustrations of objects observed through a microscope. This work, which included his discovery and naming of 'cells' in cork, captivated the public and solidified Hooke's reputation as a leading scientist. "Micrographia" was not only scientifically significant but also a masterpiece of scientific illustration, bringing the microscopic world to life for a wide audience.

Following the Great Fire of London, Hooke was appointed Professor of Geometry at Gresham College and became one of the surveyors responsible for rebuilding the city alongside Christopher Wren. This role combined his scientific knowledge with practical application, leading to innovative architectural designs and urban planning solutions. He worked with Wren on many significant building projects, including the Monument to the Great Fire and Bethlem Royal Hospital.

Hooke formalized Hooke's Law ("Ut tensio, sic vis" – 'As the extension, so the force'), a principle of elasticity stating that the force needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance is proportional to that distance. This law, initially presented in anagram form years earlier, is fundamental to understanding the behavior of elastic materials and has wide-ranging applications in engineering and physics.

Robert Hooke died in London on March 3, 1703. Despite his significant contributions to science and architecture, Hooke's legacy was somewhat diminished after his death, partly due to a contentious relationship with Isaac Newton. However, in recent decades, there has been a renewed appreciation for Hooke's remarkable polymathic achievements and his crucial role in the Scientific Revolution.