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Ruffhouse Records
Ruffhouse Records
Ruffhouse Records
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Ruffhouse Records is an American record label founded in 1989 by Chris Schwartz and Joe Nicolo as a joint venture with Columbia Records. In 1999, Schwartz and Nicolo closed the label, and Schwartz and Kevon Glickman continued with RuffNation Records. Ruffhouse's artist roster at the time of its original closing included The Fugees, Cypress Hill, Kris Kross, Wyclef Jean, Lauryn Hill, and Leela James.

Key Information

The label was relaunched on July 12, 2012, through EMI, with Beanie Sigel as the first artist to be out through its relaunch with the release of his album This Time (2012).

Notable artists

[edit]

Discography

[edit]
Artist Album Details
Cypress Hill Cypress Hill

(released with Columbia)

Tim Dog Penicillin on Wax

(released with Ruffhouse)

  • Released: November 12, 1991
  • Chart position: -
  • RIAA certification: -

References

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[edit]
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Ruffhouse Records

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Ruffhouse Records is an American hip-hop founded in 1989 by Chris Schwartz and Joe Nicolo in the area, initially with a modest $400 budget and distribution through , transitioning to a with in 1991. Based in Conshohocken and Northern Liberties, the label quickly rose to prominence in the by signing innovative urban acts and producing multi-platinum albums that sold over 100 million copies worldwide. Schwartz, a Philadelphia native and former Navy veteran who had managed early rapper Schoolly D, handled promotions and executive production, while Nicolo, known professionally as part of the production duo the Butcher Brothers, focused on signing and engineering talent. Their first release was the 1990 single "The Piper" by Cheba. Schwartz's prior work with , a pioneer of , influenced the label's direction, but breakthroughs came with 1990s signings. Ruffhouse's roster expanded to include influential acts such as , whose 1990s albums were mixed at Nicolo's Studio 4 and became cornerstones of West Coast hip-hop; , whose 1992 debut Totally Krossed Out sold over 4 million copies and featured the hit "Jump"; and the , whose 1996 album The Score achieved massive commercial success with singles like "Ready or Not." The label's success extended to solo projects from Fugees members, including Lauryn Hill's 1998 album , which sold 19 million copies and earned multiple , as well as Wyclef Jean's early work. Other notable signings included and a brief stint with , contributing to Ruffhouse's reputation as a powerhouse for East Coast and crossover hip-hop during the decade. Operations peaked with partnerships alongside , leveraging low production costs—CDs retailed at $19.99 but cost about 85 cents to manufacture—to generate substantial revenues. Ruffhouse discontinued in 1999 amid industry shifts, with Nicolo departing to form Judgment Recordings and Schwartz launching Ruff Nation in partnership with The label was later re-launched under new leadership, including co-presidents Vance DeBose and Khan Jamal, signing artists like , , and Kamil Sahar while aiming to revive its legacy through modern marketing. Schwartz and Nicolo were inducted into the Music Alliance Walk of Fame in 2017 for their contributions, which also encompassed production for mainstream acts like and . Nicolo's nine Grammy wins, including for The Score and , underscore the label's enduring impact on hip-hop and R&B.

History

Founding and early years

Ruffhouse Records was founded in 1988 by Chris Schwartz and Joe "The Butcher" Nicolo in Philadelphia's Center City, initially operating on a modest budget of $400. The label was established as an independent venture focused on rap and R&B genres within the urban music landscape, reflecting the founders' backgrounds in local production and engineering. Early operations emphasized signing emerging hip-hop talent from the East Coast scene, with the company securing an initial distribution deal through to handle marketing and release logistics for its first projects. By , Ruffhouse had transitioned into a with , which provided broader distribution support and elevated the label's profile beyond independent constraints. The label's first release was the single "The Piper" by Cheba in . This partnership enabled the label to invest in recording and promotion, marking a pivotal shift from operations to a more structured entity. The base allowed Schwartz and Nicolo to leverage local studio resources, including Nicolo's expertise at studios like The Sanctuary, to develop raw urban sounds aimed at national audiences. The label's breakthrough came with its first major signing, , in 1989—a Los Angeles-based group known for their innovative blend of West Coast and Latin influences. Ruffhouse released their self-titled debut on August 13, 1991, produced primarily by , which featured gritty tracks like "The Phuncky Feel One" and established the group's signature style of dense beats and socially charged lyrics. Complementing this, Ruffhouse expanded its initial roster with rapper Larry Larr, whose debut Da Wizzard of Odds dropped in 1991, showcasing new jack swing-infused hip-hop with singles like "Confused." Similarly, New York MC joined early on, releasing his hardcore debut Penicillin on Wax that same year, highlighted by the confrontational track that stirred East-West coast tensions. These 1991 releases, distributed via Enigma for initial rollout before full Columbia integration, laid the groundwork for Ruffhouse's reputation in the burgeoning hip-hop market.

Rise to prominence

Ruffhouse Records achieved significant growth in the early through strategic artist signings and hit releases distributed by . In 1991, the label signed the teenage hip-hop duo , whose debut album was released in 1992 and certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA for sales exceeding four million copies in the United States. The album's lead single "Jump," produced by , topped the and propelled the project to number one on the , marking Ruffhouse's breakthrough into mainstream commercial success. Building on this momentum, Ruffhouse solidified its roster with established acts like , whose 1993 album Black Sunday debuted at number one on the and achieved quadruple platinum status from the RIAA, selling over four million units domestically (as of 2023). The release, featuring the hit "," exemplified the label's focus on innovative West Coast hip-hop sounds and contributed to Ruffhouse's expanding influence in the genre. A pivotal moment came in 1993 when Ruffhouse signed the after a compelling audition, leading to their development and the 1996 breakthrough album The Score, which debuted at number one on the and was certified seven times platinum by the RIAA for over seven million U.S. sales (as of 2021). Singles like "Killing Me Softly with His Song" and "Ready or Not" dominated airwaves, with the former reaching number two on the , transforming the into global stars and elevating Ruffhouse's profile. Following The Score's success, Ruffhouse capitalized on the Fugees' momentum by signing solo projects from group members. Wyclef Jean's 1997 debut The Carnival, featuring Refugee Allstars, was certified platinum by the RIAA and sold over two million copies worldwide, blending hip-hop with global influences and guest appearances from and Michel. Similarly, 's 1998 solo album debuted at number one on the with first-week sales of 422,000 copies and later achieved diamond certification from the RIAA for 10 million units sold in the U.S., setting records for female artists at the time. The label also nurtured other 1990s talents, including the alternative hip-hop group The Goats, whose 1992 debut Tricks of the Shade gained critical attention for its satirical style, and the , a collective that released early material under Ruffhouse. Additionally, Ruffhouse had brief involvement with in the late 1990s, supporting his early development before his major label breakthrough elsewhere. These signings diversified Ruffhouse's output and underscored its role in discovering innovative voices. Under Columbia's distribution, Ruffhouse experienced rapid expansion throughout the , releasing over 50 artists and achieving collective sales surpassing 100 million units worldwide, establishing it as a powerhouse in 1990s hip-hop.

Closure and transition

In the late 1990s, Ruffhouse Records faced significant internal challenges, primarily stemming from a between co-founders Chris Schwartz and Joe Nicolo, which ultimately led to the label's closure in May 1999 after a of operation as a with . The dissolution marked the end of an era for the Philadelphia-based imprint, which had navigated the evolving hip-hop landscape but could not sustain operations amid the founders' split. Following the shutdown, Schwartz partnered with longtime executive Kevon Glickman to launch RuffNation Records in July 1999 as a new joint venture with Warner Bros. Records, aiming to continue some hip-hop and R&B operations from offices in Pennsylvania, New York, Los Angeles, and London. Meanwhile, Ruffhouse's extensive back catalog, including multimillion-selling releases from artists like Lauryn Hill, remained under Columbia Records' control for distribution and management. At the time of closure, the label's roster included established acts such as and The Fugees, whose winding-down projects transitioned to Columbia oversight, alongside developing talents like and Keith Martin, whose ongoing contracts and recordings were similarly handled by the parent label in the immediate aftermath.

Relaunch and recent activities

Ruffhouse Records was relaunched on July 12, 2012, as a with , marking the revival of the Philadelphia-based label after its original closure in 1999. The relaunch operated under new leadership, including co-presidents Vance DeBose and Khan Jamal, who helped sign artists such as and . Relaunched by Chris Schwartz, the imprint emphasized high-quality, self-contained artists, with Schwartz highlighting the focus on credible talent in a changing industry landscape. The first project under the relaunched imprint was rapper 's sixth studio album, This Time, released on August 28, 2012, through State Property/Ruffhouse/, which served as a cornerstone for the label's return to urban music releases. Distribution for the relaunched label initially fell under from 2012 to 2013, supporting new releases while continued to manage the back catalog. Following 's acquisition of 's recorded music operations, completed on September 28, 2012, Ruffhouse shifted its new release distribution to starting in 2013, aligning with the broader integration of assets into UMG's structure. This transition ensured continuity for ongoing projects while preserving Columbia's role for legacy material. Post-relaunch activities included the signing of R&B singer , who released his album Moment of Truth on August 26, 2013, via Ruffhouse/ Label Services, representing the label's push into contemporary soul and sounds. The label has also overseen vinyl reissues of classic catalog titles, such as a 2012 edition of The ' The Score and a 2014 pressing of Lauryn Hill's , capitalizing on renewed interest in hip-hop's foundational era. These efforts underscore Ruffhouse's strategy of blending new artist development with catalog revitalization. As of 2025, Ruffhouse Records remains an active independent label headquartered in , , operated by CEO Chris Schwartz and focused on hip-hop and R&B, with its official website at ruffhouserecords.com. The imprint maintains a low-profile presence, prioritizing selective projects amid the evolving .

Roster

1990s signings

Ruffhouse Records, founded in 1989 as a joint venture with , built its initial roster in the early with a focus on hip-hop acts that blended street credibility with commercial appeal. The label's first major signing was in 1989, a Los Angeles-based group known for their innovative fusion of and Latin influences; their self-titled debut album, released in 1991, achieved multi-platinum status and featured hits like "How I Could Just Kill a Man," establishing Ruffhouse as a key player in West Coast hip-hop. Following Cypress Hill's breakthrough, Ruffhouse signed in 1991, the duo of Chris "Mac Daddy" Kelly and Chris "Daddy Mac" Smith, who brought a youthful, energetic vibe to the label with their backwards-clothing style; their 1992 debut sold over four million copies, driven by the chart-topping single "Jump," marking one of the label's earliest pop-rap successes. In the same year, the label added Larry Larr, a rapper whose debut album Da Wizzard of Odds showcased swing-infused hip-hop, though it achieved modest commercial impact compared to the label's bigger acts. Philadelphia rapper , previously managed by co-founder Chris Schwartz, joined the roster and released Welcome to America in 1994, blending with social commentary but receiving limited commercial success. , a MC known for his East Coast pride anthems, joined in 1991 and released his debut Penicillin on Wax that year, highlighted by the controversial single "," which sparked a brief but notable with West Coast artists and underscored Ruffhouse's role in regional rap rivalries. By the mid-1990s, Ruffhouse expanded into more eclectic and soulful territories, signing The Fugees in 1993, the trio of , Pras Michel, and , whose debut (1994) blended hip-hop, reggae, and R&B; their 1996 follow-up The Score became a cultural phenomenon, selling over 17 million copies worldwide and earning multiple Grammys, with the group crediting the label's creative freedom for their breakthrough. transitioned to solo work in 1997 with The Carnival, a genre-mixing album that debuted at number 16 on the and featured collaborations with label peers, solidifying his status as a Ruffhouse cornerstone. followed with her solo debut in 1998, which won five Grammys including Album of the Year and sold over 19 million copies worldwide, representing a pinnacle of the label's R&B-hip-hop crossover achievements before its 1999 closure. The label also nurtured alternative voices like The Goats, a Philadelphia-based interracial hip-hop trio signed in 1992, whose debut Tricks of the Shade that year delivered politically charged rap-rock tracks such as "Typical American," earning cult acclaim for their live band-backed style. Keith Martin, an R&B singer-songwriter, joined in 1994 and released his debut It's Long Overdue in 1995, featuring the ballad "Never Find Someone Like You," which gained traction via soundtrack placements and highlighted Ruffhouse's foray into contemporary R&B. Toward the decade's end, Ruffhouse briefly signed DMX in 1992, the raw-voiced New York rapper who released the single "Born Loser" in 1993 but parted ways with the label before a full album, later achieving stardom elsewhere. The Outsidaz, a Newark collective including members like Young Zee and Pacewon, gained early exposure through features on The Fugees' The Score in 1996 and were part of the label's late-1990s roster, contributing to its underground hip-hop network before transitioning to Schwartz's post-Ruffhouse ventures.

Post-relaunch artists

Following the 2012 relaunch of Ruffhouse Records through (later under distribution), the label prioritized signing veteran hip-hop and R&B artists with ties to Philadelphia's music scene, marking a shift from its roster of breakout acts to more established talents seeking career revivals. served as the flagship artist, embodying this focus on Philly-based rappers with street authenticity and longevity in the game. Sigel's sixth studio album, This Time, released on August 28, 2012, via State Property/Ruffhouse/EMI, became the label's inaugural post-relaunch project, featuring production from and guest appearances from artists like and Redman. The album addressed Sigel's personal struggles, including legal issues, and peaked at number 33 on the chart, underscoring Ruffhouse's renewed emphasis on raw, narrative-driven hip-hop from regional veterans. No further full-length projects from Sigel materialized under the label after this release, though his signing highlighted the imprint's strategy to leverage experienced Philly acts for authentic urban appeal. Complementing the hip-hop focus, Ruffhouse signed Canadian R&B singer , a veteran from the early 2000s neo-soul era, to broaden its post-relaunch scope into soulful R&B. Lewis released the single "Can't Say Love" in May 2013, produced by , as a precursor to his third studio album, Moment of Truth, which dropped on October 15, 2013, via Ruffhouse/EMI. The project, featuring collaborations with and producers like , explored themes of love and redemption, receiving praise for its polished, emotive sound and marking Lewis's return after a decade-long hiatus. This signing reflected Ruffhouse's aim to nurture crossover R&B talent with proven vocal prowess alongside its hip-hop core. Emerging artist Sahar joined the roster as an up-and-coming female hip-hop/R&B act, aligning with Ruffhouse's interest in diverse urban voices under its revived banner. Signed alongside Sigel and Lewis, Sahar represented the label's push toward fresh talent with potential for mainstream breakthrough, though specific projects like a debut album remained in development without major releases by 2025. Her association emphasized Ruffhouse's post-relaunch blend of veterans and newcomers, distributed through Universal's network to target contemporary hip-hop and R&B audiences.

Legacy

Cultural impact

Ruffhouse Records played a pivotal role in popularizing crossovers between West Coast and East Coast hip hop by signing and promoting artists from diverse regional backgrounds, notably the West Coast group and the . This integration was exemplified through collaborations such as the 1995 remix of 's "Boom Biddy Bye Bye," which featured the and blended gritty West Coast rhythms with East Coast lyrical flair, helping to bridge coastal divides during a tense period in hip hop history. The label significantly contributed to the hip hop sound by championing alternative and conscious rap elements, particularly through releases like the ' 1996 album The Score. This project fused reggae-infused beats, socially aware lyrics, and eclectic sampling to create a globally appealing style that emphasized introspection and cultural commentary over tropes, influencing subsequent acts in the genre's evolution toward more diverse expressions. As a Philadelphia-based imprint founded in the late 1980s, Ruffhouse elevated the city's music scene by transforming it into a hip hop hub that rivaled major markets like New York and , achieving international acclaim with artists who sold millions worldwide. Operating from Conshohocken and Northern Liberties, the label nurtured local talent while exporting Philly's innovative spirit globally, earning recognition through its induction into the Philadelphia Music Alliance Walk of Fame. Ruffhouse's long-term legacy in artist development is evident in its support for the Fugees members' transition to successful solo careers, providing creative freedom and industry connections that propelled and to individual stardom. Hill's 1998 debut The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill, for instance, built directly on the foundation laid by Ruffhouse, earning five and solidifying her as a trailblazer in conscious rap and R&B fusion.

Awards and achievements

Ruffhouse Records' releases have earned substantial acclaim at the Grammy Awards, highlighting the label's influence in hip-hop and R&B. Lauryn Hill's debut solo album The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill (1998) secured five Grammy wins at the 41st Annual Grammy Awards in 1999, including Album of the Year (the first for a hip-hop artist), Best R&B Album, Best New Artist, Best R&B Song for "Doo Wop (That Thing)," and Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for the same track. The Fugees' The Score (1996) triumphed with two Grammys at the 39th Annual Grammy Awards in 1997: Best Rap Album and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for "Killing Me Softly," while the album itself received five nominations. Co-founder and producer Joe Nicolo has contributed to multiple Grammy-winning projects through engineering and production on Ruffhouse-associated releases like The Score and The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill, as well as other works with James Taylor and Billy Joel, and has received Grammy nominations. The label's commercial successes are evidenced by multiple RIAA certifications for platinum and multi-platinum sales. Cypress Hill's Black Sunday (1993) achieved quadruple platinum status (4× Platinum) as of 2023, signifying over four million units sold in the U.S. The Fugees' The Score reached seven-times platinum by 2021. Kris Kross's debut Totally Krossed Out (1992) was certified quadruple platinum. Lauryn Hill's The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill earned diamond certification (10× platinum) in 2021, marking it as one of the best-selling albums by a female rapper. Key Ruffhouse albums dominated the , with several debuting at No. 1 on the 200. Black Sunday entered at the top in 1993, recording the highest first-week sales for a hip-hop album up to that point with 261,000 copies. The Score followed suit in 1996, holding the No. 1 spot for four weeks and topping the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart for eight weeks. debuted at No. 1 in 1998, selling 422,000 copies in its first week and breaking records for a female artist's debut. On a label level, founders Chris Schwartz and Joe Nicolo were inducted into the Philadelphia Music Walk of Fame in 2017, recognizing Ruffhouse's role in elevating 's hip-hop scene and achieving over 100 million albums sold worldwide. Nicolo further received the Heroes Award from the Philadelphia Chapter of in 2003 for his production contributions.

Discography

Studio albums

Ruffhouse Records' catalog of studio albums primarily emerged during the , showcasing the label's focus on innovative hip-hop acts that blended street narratives with diverse musical influences. These releases helped solidify Ruffhouse's reputation for discovering and nurturing talent that crossed genre boundaries, from West Coast to East Coast conscious lyricism. Post-relaunch in the , the label issued fewer albums but maintained its hip-hop roots.
ArtistAlbumRelease DateDescription
Cypress HillCypress HillAugust 13, 1991The debut album introduced the group's aggressive, cannabis-fueled West Coast rap style, with production by DJ Muggs emphasizing dark, funky beats and themes of street life and rebellion, marking Ruffhouse's entry into the hardcore hip-hop scene.
The GoatsTricks of the ShadeNovember 3, 1992This debut featured satirical takes on hip-hop culture and urban life, produced with a mix of jazz and funk samples, highlighting Ruffhouse's support for quirky, narrative-driven rap.
Kris KrossTotally Krossed OutMarch 31, 1992Produced by Jermaine Dupri, the album captured the duo's youthful energy and backwards-clothing gimmick through upbeat, party-oriented tracks exploring teenage rebellion and fun, propelling Ruffhouse into mainstream pop-rap success.
Kris KrossDa BombAugust 3, 1993Building on their debut, this follow-up delved into maturing themes of growing up amid fame, with Dupri's production incorporating harder beats and guest features, reinforcing Ruffhouse's teen rap niche.
Cypress HillBlack SundayJuly 20, 1993DJ Muggs' production amplified the group's dense, psychedelic sound with horrorcore elements and anti-authority lyrics, becoming a cornerstone of Ruffhouse's gritty hip-hop output.
Cypress HillIII: Temples of BoomOctober 31, 1995Featuring guest spots from RASTA and Redman, the album explored global and spiritual themes with experimental production, sustaining Cypress Hill's momentum under Ruffhouse.
The FugeesThe ScoreFebruary 13, 1996Self-produced with eclectic samples from soul, reggae, and hip-hop, the album addressed social issues like poverty and love through multilingual verses, exemplifying Ruffhouse's pivot to conscious, crossover rap.
Wyclef JeanWyclef Jean Presents The Carnival (Featuring the Refugee Allstars)June 24, 1997A genre-blending debut mixing hip-hop, reggae, and R&B with international collaborations, focusing on immigrant experiences and celebration, showcasing Ruffhouse's expansion into solo projects from group members.
Lauryn HillThe Miseducation of Lauryn HillAugust 25, 1998Co-produced by Hill and New Ark, this neo-soul and hip-hop fusion tackled love, spirituality, and Black identity with live instrumentation and raw emotion, cementing Ruffhouse's legacy in female-led innovation.
OutsidazThe BricksJune 19, 2001The group's debut under Rufflife (a Ruffhouse imprint) delivered clever, ensemble-style rhymes over boom-bap beats, emphasizing camaraderie and street wisdom in the late Ruffhouse era.
Beanie SigelThis TimeAugust 28, 2012Marking the label's relaunch, this gritty comeback album addressed personal struggles and redemption with production from Don Cannon and others, reviving Ruffhouse's street-rap heritage.
Glenn LewisMoment of TruthOctober 15, 2013A soulful R&B album exploring themes of love, truth, and personal growth, featuring production from Dre & Vidal, DJ Camper, and others, marking a return for the artist under the relaunched label.

Compilations and singles

Ruffhouse Records released several compilation albums that highlighted the label's hip-hop catalog, with the most prominent being Ruffhouse Records Greatest Hits in 1999. This double-disc collection, executive produced by label founders Chris Schwartz and Joe "The Butcher" Nicolo, compiled standout tracks from Ruffhouse artists across the 1990s, emphasizing their contributions to rap and R&B. The album opens with Cypress Hill's "How I Could Just Kill a Man" from their 1991 debut, followed by Kris Kross's "Tonite's The Night" and the ' "Fu-Gee-La," showcasing the label's early breakthroughs in and alternative hip-hop. Later selections include Nas's "Halftime" (a track), John Forté's "Ninety Nine (Flash the Message)," and a remix of Cypress Hill's "" by , bridging the label's raw street sound with broader commercial appeal.
TrackArtistTitle
A1How I Could Just Kill a Man
A2Tonite's The Night
A3Fu-Gee-La
A4Halftime
B1Ninety Nine (Flash the Message)
B2Killing Me Softly with His Song
B3Fuck Compton
C1Alright
C2Cheapskate
C3
C4Doo Wop (That Thing)
D1I Declare War
D2Jump
D3
D4 (Cypress Hill vs. Remix)
In addition to compilations, Ruffhouse issued numerous singles that propelled its artists to mainstream success, often serving as lead promotions for their parent albums. Kris Kross's "Jump," released in 1992, became the label's first major hit, topping the Billboard Hot 100 with its energetic production by Jermaine Dupri. Cypress Hill followed with "Insane in the Brain" in 1993, a gritty track from Black Sunday that peaked at number 19 on the Hot 100 and solidified the group's stoner rap persona through its infectious hook and DJ Muggs beats. The Fugees' "Ready or Not," issued in 1996 from The Score, interpolated Enya's "Boadicea" for a reggae-infused sound, reaching number two on the Hot 100 and earning a Grammy nomination for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group. Lauryn Hill closed the decade with "Doo Wop (That Thing)" in 1998, the lead single from her solo debut The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill, which debuted at number one on the Hot 100 and won two Grammys for its neo-soul critique of gender dynamics in hip-hop. These singles exemplified Ruffhouse's role in blending street authenticity with crossover accessibility, driving sales for associated full-length releases.

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  58. https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/e2ffa278-c47d-321b-a7a9-b7dbd655929c
  59. https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-miseducation-of-lauryn-hill-mw0000034642
  60. https://www.allmusic.com/album/miseducation-mw0000034642
  61. https://genius.com/albums/Outsidaz/The-bricks
  62. https://www.allmusic.com/album/moment-of-truth-mw0002559989
  63. https://www.discogs.com/release/1883421-Various-Ruffhouse-Records-Greatest-Hits
  64. https://www.discogs.com/master/16800-Cypress-Hill-Insane-In-The-Brain
  65. https://www.discogs.com/master/166785-Lauryn-Hill-Doo-Wop-That-Thing
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