Sam Brown (frontiersman)

Samuel Jerome Brown (March 7, 1845 – August 29, 1925), better known as Sam Brown, was an American frontiersman and settler in Minnesota and Dakota Territory. He earned regional fame as the "Paul Revere of the Prairie" or the "Prairie Paul Revere" for riding 150 miles (240 km) on the night of April 19–20, 1866, first to warn others of an expected Native American attack and—when the threat proved false—back through a spring blizzard to intercept his request for reinforcements from the U.S. Army. Though the ordeal left him dependent on a wheelchair for the rest of his life, he went on to serve as an educator, civic leader, advocate for Native Americans, and historian.

Sam Brown was born on March 7, 1845, in Iowa Territory near Lake Traverse, a location which is now in the state of South Dakota. His father was Joseph R. Brown, who would go on to be a notable Indian agent and politician. His mother was Susan Freniere Brown, a mixed ancestry descendant of Dakota chief Tatankamani. Sam Brown was thus one-eighth Dakota and an accepted member of the Sisseton Band.

Brown was 17 years old when the Dakota War of 1862 broke out. He was among the numerous mixed-blood and noncombatant Dakota taken captive by Dakota combatants during the conflict. Most were freed during the surrender at Camp Release, Brown included, and he joined the Minnesota militia as a scout while Western Dakota continued to resist U.S. expansion. Under the command of his own father, Brown was ultimately posted to Fort Wadsworth beyond the border of Minnesota in Dakota Territory. This fort, later renamed Fort Sisseton, was established in 1864 to protect noncombatant Eastern Dakota and guard against further attack on white settlers.

Among a semi-military scouting unit composed of white frontiersmen, mixed-bloods, and allied Eastern Dakotas, Brown helped locate hostile encampments, rode patrols, provided escorts, and served as an interpreter and courier. He distinguished himself in his duties and was promoted to scout inspector in March 1866. He was soon supervising scouts for the entire district.

On April 19, 1866, a Dakota chief, Oüiduze, reported to Brown that five days earlier he had seen moccasin tracks from what he took to be a war party heading from the James River near Jamestown, North Dakota, toward white settlements at the head of the Minnesota River. Brown immediately dispatched a warning to Lieutenant Colonel C. P. Adams, in command of the area's largest U.S. force at nearby Fort Abercrombie. He then set off himself to alert a scout encampment deep in "unfriendly" territory on the Elm River near present-day Ordway, South Dakota.

Brown left Fort Wadsworth just as night was falling and rode the 55 miles (89 km) across the dark, nearly featureless prairie in just five hours, navigating by the North Star. However when Brown reached the Elm River station at midnight with his warning, chief scout Joseph Rouilliard assured him that the tracks had been left by messengers dispatched by Brown's own father to call Dakota in western Minnesota to a peace council at Fort Rice. Brown immediately realized that the false alarm he'd sent to Fort Abercrombie could mistakenly lead U.S. soldiers into provoking an actual war.

Despite his exhaustion, Brown knew he had to correct his mistake. Nor could he wait till daylight, when a lone horseman on the prairie would be vulnerable to any hostile Native Americans. Rouilliard provided a fresh horse and Brown set off to retrace his journey. However the sky had clouded over, covering the North Star, and he could see a storm approaching from the west.

He had just passed the halfway point thinking he would outrun the storm when a violent wind nearly tore him from the saddle. This was followed by freezing rain that turned to hail then snow, and soon enough Brown found himself in the grip of a spring blizzard. With no landmarks or stars, he simply kept the wind on his back to stay on course. Twice his mount broke through ice, spilling Brown into frigid rivers.