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Samuel Julian Lay (March 20, 1935 – January 29, 2022) was an American drummer and vocalist who performed from the late 1950s as a blues and R&B musician alongside Little Walter, Howlin' Wolf, Paul Butterfield, and many others. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2015.

Background

[edit]

Samuel Julian Lay was born in Birmingham, Alabama, on March 20, 1935.[1][2][3]

Career

[edit]

He began his career in 1957, as the drummer for the Original Thunderbirds. He soon after became the drummer for the harmonica player Little Walter.[4]

In 1960, he became the regular drummer for Muddy Waters, and remained in Waters's band until 1966.[4] In that time he also began recording and performing with prominent blues musicians, including Willie Dixon, Howlin' Wolf, Eddie Taylor, John Lee Hooker, Junior Wells, Bo Diddley, Magic Sam, Jimmy Rogers, and Earl Hooker.[5] The recordings Lay made during this time, along with Waters's album Fathers and Sons, recorded in 1969, are considered to be among the definitive works of Waters and Wolf.[citation needed]

In 1963, Lay joined the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, and recorded and toured extensively with them.[5] Bob Dylan used Lay as his drummer when he introduced electric rock at the Newport Folk Festival in 1965. Lay also recorded on Dylan's track "Highway 61 Revisited",[4] and may have provided the siren whistle Dylan famously uses on the track.[6]

Sam Lay was used as a drummer for The Chambers Brothers at Newport.[7] They had an early Drummer called Michael Konnic (aka Mike Konnic). It was around the time they went to the Newport festival, that they got into a dispute with him. For some reason Konnic wanted to fight with them and his elder brother nearly got involved. According to Joe Chambers, he said "We love you man. We want you to play drums."[8][9] The brothers were backed by Sam Lay at Newport on their first night at the festival.[10][11] George Chambers was impressed by the "big sound" of Lay and asked him to back the brothers on another set.[12] One of the songs they performed, "I Got It", appeared on the Newport Folk Festival 1965 compilation LP, which was issued on the Vanguard label.[13]

Lay's drumming can be heard on over 40 recordings for Chess Records, with many notable blues performers.[4] He toured the major blues festivals in the US and Europe with the Chess Records All-Stars.

In the late 1980s Lay was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame, in Memphis. He has also been inducted into the Jazz Hall of Fame, in Los Angeles, and the Rock n' Roll Hall of Fame, in Cleveland. He was nominated eight times for the coveted W. C. Handy Award for Best Instrumentalist, including a nomination in 2005.

Lay made two albums with his own band, released by Appaloosa Records and Evidence Records, and two recordings for Alligator Records with the Siegel-Schwall Band.[4] His own album, Sam Lay in Bluesland, released in 1969 by Blue Thumb Records, was produced by Nick Gravenites.[14]

He was nominated in 2000 for a Grammy Award for his performances on the CD Howlin' Wolf Tribute. He was honored by the Recording Academy in January 2002 with a Legends and Heroes Award for his significant musical contributions. He was prominently featured in the PBS television documentary History of the Blues, broadcast in seven episodes, produced by the Academy Award–winning director Martin Scorsese. Lay shot many home movies of fellow blues performers in small Chicago venues in the late 1950s and 1960s,[15] parts of which were included in History of the Blues and the WTTW television production Record Row, by the filmmaker Michael MacAlpin.

In 2009, Lay worked alongside Johnnie Marshall.[2] In 2014, filmmaker John Anderson made the feature film Sam Lay in Bluesland,[16] a documentary detailing Lay's life.

Lay was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, as a member of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, in 2015.[17]

Lay died at a nursing facility in Chicago on January 29, 2022, at the age of 86.[1][18]

Selected discography

[edit]

As a band leader

  • Sam Lay in Bluesland (Blue Thumb Records, 1969 [BTS 14])

With Paul Butterfield

With Carey Bell

With Bob Dylan

With Lightnin' Hopkins

With Howlin' Wolf

With Magic Sam

With Muddy Waters

With the Siegel–Schwall Band

References

[edit]
[edit]
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Sam Lay

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Samuel Julian Lay (March 20, 1935 – January 29, 2022) was an American blues drummer and vocalist, best known for his influential work in Chicago blues during the 1960s and beyond, including pioneering the double-shuffle rhythm and performing with legends such as Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and the Paul Butterfield Blues Band.[1][2] Born in Birmingham, Alabama, Lay developed his distinctive drumming style from the rhythms of Pentecostal church music in his youth, which informed his powerful, groove-oriented approach to blues percussion.[1][2] He began his professional career in the late 1950s, playing with R&B groups in Cleveland, Ohio, before relocating to Chicago in 1960, where he quickly became a sought-after session musician.[3][1] Lay's breakthrough came through collaborations with Chicago blues icons; he served as Howlin' Wolf's primary drummer from 1960 to 1963, contributing to classic recordings like "Killing Floor" and "The Red Rooster," and later backed Muddy Waters and Little Walter on numerous tracks.[1][2] In 1965, he joined as a founding member of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, playing on their self-titled debut album and providing percussion for Bob Dylan's controversial electric set at the Newport Folk Festival that same year, helping bridge blues with rock audiences.[1][2] His versatile style also led to work with artists like James Cotton, the Siegel-Schwall Band, and Taj Mahal, as well as his own 1969 solo album Sam Lay in Bluesland, which showcased his vocal talents alongside his drumming.[1][3] Throughout his career, Lay received widespread recognition for his contributions to the genre, including induction into the Blues Hall of Fame in 2018 as one of the first Chicago blues drummers so honored, alongside Fred Below, the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame in 1992, and the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 2015 as part of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band.[1][4] He continued performing into his later years, leading the Sam Lay Blues Revival Band and appearing in documentaries that captured his legacy in preserving authentic blues traditions.[1] Lay died in a Chicago nursing facility at age 86, leaving an indelible mark on American music through his rhythmic innovation and commitment to the blues idiom.[2][4]

Early life

Childhood and family

Samuel Julian Lay was born on March 20, 1935, in Birmingham, Alabama, to a working-class Black family in the Jim Crow South. His father, Foster Lay, worked as a Pullman train porter and played banjo in a country band, while his mother, Elsie Lay, also labored on the trains; his father passed away when Sam was 17 months old.[2][5][6] He had an older brother, James Edward Lay (1928–2001), who later became a government witness in a civil rights-related case that drew national attention, specifically testifying in the 2001 federal trial of Bobby Frank Cherry for the 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing.[6][4][7] Lay's early years were shaped by the socioeconomic hardships and racial segregation pervasive in Birmingham, often called "Bombingham" for the frequent Ku Klux Klan bombings targeting Black communities and civil rights activists. As a Black child in this environment, he navigated limited opportunities and systemic discrimination that profoundly influenced his worldview and eventual migration northward. His family, like many working-class Black households, relied on grueling railroad jobs amid widespread poverty and exclusion from white facilities and economic advancement.[2] From a young age, Lay was drawn to music through local Birmingham sounds, particularly the gospel rhythms he encountered at a Pentecostal church, including hand claps and tambourine beats that later informed his drumming style.[2][5] He also absorbed R&B influences from the city's vibrant but segregated music scene, though he received no formal training.[5] As a teenager, this exposure led him to take up drumming, marking the start of his musical journey. Lay later formed a family with his wife, Elizabeth "Liz" Buirts Lay (died 2017), and they had three children: sons Bobby (1960–2019) and Michael (died 2022), and daughter Debbie; both sons predeceased him.[2][8][9]

Musical beginnings and influences

Lay's interest in music was nurtured in his childhood through the rhythms of the Pentecostal church in Birmingham, Alabama, where the hand-clapping and tambourine beats inspired his distinctive double-shuffle drumming style.[1] Encouraged by his family, he pursued percussion as a teen, drawing from these sanctified sounds to develop his foundational technique.[2] Seeking better opportunities, Lay moved north to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1954, where he secured his first professional gig as a drummer with the jazz-oriented Moon Dog Combo.[10] This early experience honed his skills in live settings, blending jazz elements with emerging blues sensibilities before he ventured further.[11] In 1957, while in Cleveland, Lay joined the Original Thunderbirds, serving as both drummer and vocalist in the group. He stayed with the group until 1959, when he moved to Chicago to work with Little Walter.[10][12] This marked his entry into the vibrant Chicago blues scene, where he began adapting his style to the electric urban sound.[13] Lay's primary musical influence was Chicago blues drummer Fred Below of the Aces, whose masterful shuffle rhythms profoundly shaped Lay's own propulsive technique and earned Below recognition as a pivotal figure in Lay's development.[1] Among other early inspirations, Lay admired the innovative harmonica work of Little Walter, whose amplified tone and phrasing influenced Lay's appreciation for dynamic blues expression.[14]

Professional career

Chicago blues collaborations

Upon arriving in Chicago in early 1960, Sam Lay joined Little Walter's band, where he contributed to the harmonica player's innovative fusion of R&B and blues elements through his dynamic drumming.[10] This collaboration marked Lay's entry into the vibrant Chicago blues scene, supporting Little Walter's live performances and recordings that blended urban sophistication with raw Delta influences.[2] Lay's tenure as a session drummer at Chess Records began shortly after, where he recorded over 40 tracks with prominent artists, including a significant stint with Howlin' Wolf from 1960 to 1963. His "conversation drumming" style—characterized by subtle, responsive rhythms that dialogued with vocals and amplified the emotional mood—became a hallmark, as heard on Wolf's classics like "Killing Floor" and "I Ain't Superstitious."[4] Lay also backed Muddy Waters on numerous tracks and live performances in the 1960s, providing the backbone for tours across the U.S. and Europe, as well as Chess studio sessions featuring tracks such as "Got My Mojo Working."[15] His precise, shuffle-driven beats complemented Waters' commanding presence, enhancing the band's electric energy during this pivotal era.[1] In 1963, Lay became a founding member of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, helping bridge traditional Chicago blues with emerging rock influences through their high-energy performances and recordings. He played on the group's self-titled debut album, released in 1965, where his versatile drumming supported the integration of harmonica, guitar, and horns in tracks that captured the evolving sound of the mid-1960s.[2] Lay's association with Butterfield also extended to backing Bob Dylan at the 1965 Newport Folk Festival, providing drums for Dylan's controversial electric set, and contributing to sessions for Dylan's album Highway 61 Revisited, which exemplified the crossover between folk, blues, and rock.[15] These collaborations underscored Lay's adaptability, as his rhythmic foundation helped propel blues into broader audiences.[12]

Solo recordings and bands

After departing from the Paul Butterfield Blues Band in late 1965 due to health issues, Sam Lay established himself as a bandleader, forming the Sam Lay Blues Revival Band in 1969. This ensemble toured extensively across the United States and Canada, frequently incorporating prominent Chicago blues figures such as Jimmy Rogers, George "Wild Child" Butler, Johnny Littlejohn, and Eddie Taylor as guest performers.[1][10] The band highlighted Lay's drumming prowess while allowing him to take on lead vocal duties and occasionally play harmonica, expanding his role beyond percussion.[1] Lay's debut solo album, Sam Lay in Bluesland, was released in 1969 on Blue Thumb Records and produced by Nick Gravenites.[1][16] The record blended covers of blues and rock standards—such as Bob Dylan's "Maggie's Farm" and Muddy Waters' "Got My Mojo Working"—with original tracks like "Sam Lay & Mississippi John," showcasing Lay's songwriting alongside his vocals, harmonica, and rhythmic drive.[16] This release marked a pivotal step in Lay's independent career, demonstrating his versatility as a multi-instrumentalist and frontman.[1] In the late 1960s, Lay also contributed to the James Cotton Blues Band, providing drums on recordings like the 1967 album The James Cotton Blues Band.[1][17] Throughout the 1970s and beyond, he continued leading groups such as the Sam Lay Blues Band, which performed internationally and appeared on later solo efforts.[10] Lay's output remained sporadic, with additional solo albums on labels including Appaloosa (Shuffle Master, Sam Lay Live!) and Evidence (Stone Blues, 1996), alongside contributions to compilations and collaborative projects that underscored his enduring influence in blues circles.[1][10][15]

Later years

Ongoing performances and teaching

Throughout the 1970s and into the 2000s, Sam Lay maintained an active performance schedule, leading his own band and collaborating with established Chicago blues acts at local clubs and festivals. He made regular appearances at the Chicago Blues Festival, including a notable set in 2000 with his combo and another in 2018, where he showcased his signature shuffle drumming style on stage.[18] These outings highlighted his enduring role as a club and festival staple, often performing at venues like Kingston Mines, where he backed and shared stages with artists such as Pinetop Perkins and Charlie Musselwhite in the 1980s and beyond.[19] Lay's visibility extended to media projects that captured his live energy and historical significance. In 2003, he was featured in Martin Scorsese's PBS documentary series The History of the Blues, appearing with his band at the Chicago Blues Festival performing Muddy Waters' "Got My Mojo Working."[15] The 2015 documentary Sam Lay in Bluesland, directed by John Anderson, further documented his career through personal interviews, archival footage, and contemporary live performances, emphasizing his contributions to the genre at age 80.[20] These appearances underscored his ongoing commitment to the blues scene, including international tours with the Siegel-Schwall Band.[15] In his later years, Lay played a mentorship role for emerging Chicago blues musicians, influencing drummers and performers through collaborative sessions and stage shared experiences. Artists like guitarist Chris James and bassist Patrick Rynn cited Lay as a key mentor, crediting his guidance during joint gigs across Chicago venues in the 1970s and 1980s.[21] He occasionally led informal drumming workshops and jam sessions, passing on techniques like his double-shuffle beat to younger talents at clubs such as Kingston Mines.[19] This hands-on approach helped preserve the Chicago blues tradition amid evolving lineups. Despite health challenges, including heart issues in his 80s, Lay resumed touring and recording, maintaining a rigorous schedule with the Siegel-Schwall Band through the 2010s.[22] His last major performance was a streamed concert in April 2020 titled "Sam Lay in Streamland," adapting to pandemic restrictions while delivering classic blues numbers from his home base.[23] These efforts demonstrated his resilience and dedication to live music until the early 2020s.

Death

Sam Lay died on January 29, 2022, at a nursing facility in Chicago, Illinois, at the age of 86, from natural causes related to heart issues after being transferred there from his West Side home.[13][22][15] He was preceded in death by his wife of 51 years, Elizabeth "Liz" Buirts Lay, who died in 2017, and by his sons Bobby Lay in 2019 and Michael Lay in January 2022.[8][13][4] Lay is survived by his daughter Debbie Lay Hiley, four grandchildren, three great-grandchildren, and numerous nieces, nephews, and friends.[15][4][24] Upon news of his death, tributes from the blues community highlighted Lay's enduring spirit and contributions, with his longtime label Alligator Records issuing a statement confirming his passing and expressing condolences to his family.[15][25]

Legacy

Awards and honors

Sam Lay received numerous accolades throughout his career, recognizing his pivotal role in Chicago blues and beyond. In 1992, he was inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame, honoring his versatile contributions to jazz-influenced blues drumming.[1] Lay earned a Grammy Award nomination in 1999 for Best Traditional Blues Album for his performances on the tribute album A Tribute to Howlin' Wolf, featuring collaborations with artists like Henry Gray and Hubert Sumlin.[26] In January 2002, the Chicago Chapter of the Recording Academy presented Lay with the Legends and Heroes Award, celebrating his enduring impact on blues music; the event drew tributes from figures like Bob Dylan.[8] Lay's influence on rock-infused blues was acknowledged in 2015 when he was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame as a founding member of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band.[27] In 2018, Lay was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame by the Blues Foundation, joining his primary influence, Fred Below, as one of the first Chicago blues drummers to receive this honor.[1]

Cultural impact

Sam Lay played a pivotal role in popularizing the Chicago blues shuffle drumming style, characterized by his signature double-shuffle rhythm derived from church hand-claps and tambourines, which became a cornerstone of the genre's energetic propulsion.[2] This technique influenced numerous rock drummers by embedding blues grooves into rock's foundation, as evidenced by his contributions to approximately 40 Chess Records classics that introduced the sound to global audiences, including Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones and Eric Clapton, who drew from these recordings to infuse their bands with authentic Chicago blues energy.[28] Lay's drumming on tracks with Howlin' Wolf and Muddy Waters exemplified this shuffle's versatility, bridging raw blues authenticity with rock's amplified dynamics and earning praise from contemporaries like Bob Dylan, who called him "the best blues drummer in the world."[28] As a founding member of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, Lay served as a crucial bridge between traditional blues and the 1960s rock and folk revival, most notably by drumming for Dylan during his controversial electric set at the 1965 Newport Folk Festival and on the album Highway 61 Revisited.[2] This collaboration helped integrate blues rhythms into folk-rock, opening doors for white musicians to embrace and amplify black-rooted sounds while advancing racial integration in music scenes, as Lay himself noted that Butterfield "opened doors for [black musicians], and I know because I followed him through those doors."[29] His participation underscored blues' evolution into mainstream rock, influencing a generation of artists who adopted the genre's shuffle and backbeat for broader cultural resonance. Lay contributed significantly to blues preservation through media appearances that educated new generations on the genre's history and techniques. Featured prominently in Martin Scorsese's 2003 PBS documentary series The Blues, he shared insights into Chicago's electric blues era, highlighting its roots and innovations for a wide audience.[4] The 2015 documentary Sam Lay in Bluesland, directed by John Anderson, further spotlighted his life and musicianship, offering firsthand accounts of blues evolution and inspiring young players through workshops tied to programs like the Alabama Blues Project.[15] These efforts cemented his role as an educator, demonstrating drumming, singing, and guitar playing to foster appreciation and continuity. Lay's legacy endures in both the Birmingham and Chicago blues scenes, where post-2022 tributes emphasized his ebullient personality—marked by buoyant warmth, humor, and flamboyant style—and his versatility as a multi-instrumentalist who blended joy with technical mastery.[13] In Birmingham, his hometown, admirers like those from the Magic City Blues Society lauded his lifelong allegiance and performances at local venues, while Chicago memorials highlighted his role as a "traveling blues museum" who preserved the city's sound through decades of live shows.[5] These remembrances, including inductions into the Blues Hall of Fame, underscore his enduring influence as a charismatic figure who humanized blues for diverse audiences.[1]

Discography

Solo albums

Sam Lay's debut solo album, Sam Lay in Bluesland, was released in 1969 on Blue Thumb Records.[16] The LP consists of nine tracks blending original compositions and covers, such as Bob Dylan's "Maggie's Farm," Chuck Berry's "Roll Over Beethoven," and Muddy Waters' "I Got My Mojo Working," delivered with a raw, energetic Chicago blues style that highlighted Lay's dual role as drummer and vocalist.[16] Produced by Nick Gravenites, the album captured the gritty, live-in-the-studio feel typical of late-1960s blues recordings, marking Lay's emergence as a bandleader beyond his session work.[2] In the early 2000s, Lay returned with I Get Evil, a 2002 release on Random Chance Records featuring ten tracks of classic blues covers including "Rock Me Baby," "Boogie Chillen," and the title track "I Get Evil."[30] Recorded at Bluesland Studio in Nashville, Tennessee, the album emphasized Lay's powerful vocals and rhythmic drive, maintaining the straightforward, unpolished aesthetic of traditional Chicago blues while demonstrating his continued vitality into his later career.[30] This effort, self-produced with support from a small blues label, underscored Lay's commitment to preserving the genre's core sound through accessible, performer-focused material.[8] Lay also issued several leader albums under the Sam Lay Blues Band moniker during the 1990s and 2000s, including Live at Kingston Mines (1977, Alligator Records), Still A Fool (1993, Red Lightnin'), Shuffle Master (1992, Ichiban Records), and Stone Blues (1996, Evidence), which expanded on his solo template by incorporating ensemble arrangements while prioritizing the live, improvisational essence of blues performance.[31][32] These releases, often backed by blues specialty labels, reinforced Lay's role in sustaining Chicago-style blues traditions amid evolving musical landscapes.[4]

Selected session work

Sam Lay's contributions as a session drummer extended across key recordings with Chicago blues luminaries and beyond, where his forceful, shuffle-infused style provided essential rhythmic drive to the genre's evolution. In the early 1960s, while serving as Howlin' Wolf's regular drummer from 1960 to 1963, Lay participated in sessions for the artist's self-titled album Howlin' Wolf (Chess, 1962), a compilation of recent singles that captured the band's peak intensity. He played drums on later tracks associated with Wolf's band, such as "Killing Floor" (1964), delivering a propulsive backbeat that underscored Wolf's gravelly vocals and Hubert Sumlin's stinging guitar work, helping to define the raw, electric edge of Wolf's sound.[33][34] Lay's association with Little Walter began in 1959 when he joined the harmonica virtuoso's band upon arriving in Chicago, contributing to live performances that highlighted Walter's amplified blues innovations.[35] Lay backed Muddy Waters on numerous Chess Records sessions starting in the late 1960s that revitalized Waters' career for broader audiences. Notably, he played on the live double album Fathers and Sons (1969), a collaboration bridging traditional blues with rock influences, where his energetic percussion on tracks like "All Aboard" and "Blow Wind Blow" propelled the intergenerational ensemble featuring Waters, Paul Butterfield, and Mike Bloomfield.[10] Lay's session work reached new audiences through his involvement with the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, whom he joined in 1963 alongside bassist Jerome Arnold. On their debut album The Paul Butterfield Blues Band (Elektra, 1965), Lay provided drums across the record, including the opening track "Born in Chicago," where his crisp, driving rhythms complemented Butterfield's harmonica and Bloomfield's fiery guitar, helping introduce electric Chicago blues to rock listeners. He also delivered lead vocals on the cover of "Got My Mojo Working," infusing it with authentic grit.[36] In 1965, Lay extended his influence into folk-rock by participating in Bob Dylan's sessions for Highway 61 Revisited (Columbia, 1965). Recruited for his blues expertise, he played drums on the title track "Highway 61 Revisited," contributing a toy whistle and a loose, shuffling beat that echoed Dylan's electric pivot.[2]

References

  1. Sam Lay - Blues Foundation
  2. Sam Lay, Drummer Who Backed Blues Greats and Bob Dylan, Dies ...
  3. Sam Lay Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More | A... | AllMusic
  4. Legendary drummer Sam Lay dead at 86 - Chicago Sun-Times
  5. The amazing legacy of Sam Lay, legendary Birmingham blues ...
  6. Samuel Julian “Sam” Lay (1935-2022) - Find a Grave Memorial
  7. Sam Lay, Chicago Blues Drummer Dies at 86 - People.com
  8. [PDF] Letter_Reso 1..3 - Illinois General Assembly
  9. Sam Lay - Earwig Music
  10. Bluesman is one Cool cat - The Tuscaloosa News
  11. John Anderson and Sam Lay Discuss 'Sam Lay In Bluesland'
  12. Remembering the influential, ebullient Chicago blues drummer Sam ...
  13. Legendary Blues Drummer Sam Lay to Be Inducted Into the Blues ...
  14. famed blues drummer and vocalist sam lay march 20, 1935
  15. Sam Lay - Sam Lay In Bluesland
  16. Chicago Blues Festival 2000
  17. Band - THE CHICAGO BLUES DISCIPLES
  18. Sam Lay in Bluesland (2016) - IMDb
  19. Chris James and Patrick Rynn: Playing the Blues Is Serious Business
  20. Blues Drummer Sam Lay Dies at 86 | Pitchfork
  21. 4-28-2020 Sam Lay in Streamland (part 1)- Life's Stream #12
  22. Acclaimed Blues Drummer Sam Lay Passes Away at 86
  23. Sam Lay Dead: Blues Drummer Was 86 - Billboard
  24. https://www.grammy.com/artists/sam-lay/4206
  25. https://rockhall.com/inductees/paul-butterfield-blues-band
  26. Sam Lay - A History Making Story of Profound Musical Sensibility
  27. Paul Butterfield plugs in and Bob Dylan follows suit - NEPM
  28. Sam Lay - I Get Evil
  29. https://www.discogs.com/release/6827873-Sam-Lay-Shuffle-Master
  30. https://www.discogs.com/release/13051665-The-Sam-Lay-Blues-Band-Stone-Blues
  31. Howlin' Wolf - Howlin' Wolf (Second Album, AKA Rockin' Chair)
  32. Rocking Chair Blues: Howlin' Wolf - "Shake for Me" - PopMatters
  33. https://www.allaboutjazz.com/musicians/sam-lay
  34. https://www.discogs.com/master/76225-The-Paul-Butterfield-Blues-Band-The-Paul-Butterfield-Blues-Band
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