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Santha Devi
Santha Devi
Santha Devi
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Damayanthi (1927 – 20 November 2010), better known by her stage name Kozhikode Santha Devi,[1] was an Indian Malayalam film and stage actress. In a career spanning about sixty years, she acted in more than 1000 plays and about 480 films.[2]

Key Information

Biography

[edit]

Santha Devi was born in Kozhikode in a then well known tharavadu called Thottathil in 1927 to Thottathil Kannakkuruppu and Karthiyayani Amma as the seventh daughter among their 10 children. She did her studies from Sabha school and then B.E.M school.

She made her debut as an actress through a 1954 drama Smarakam written by Vasu Pradeep and directed by Kundanari Appu Nair. She made her cinema debut in Minnaminungu (1957) directed by Ramu Karyat. She acted in over 480 movies including Moodupadam, Kuttikkuppayam, Kunjalimaraykkar, Iruttinte Athmavu, Sthalathe pradhana payyans and Adwaitham. Kerala Cafe, produced by director Ranjith, was her last movie where she enacted the role of a forlorn grandmother with no one to look after her. Besides movies, she was also active in television serials. Her most memorable roles are from Manasi and Minnukettu.

Santha Devi died on 20 November 2010 evening in a private hospital in Kozhikode.[3]

Family

[edit]

She had five brothers and four sisters. All of her brothers were in Air Force and Military services. At the age of 18 she married her uncle's son, Balakrishnan, a railway guard, but the relationship did not last long. He left Santha Devi after the couple had a son.[4] Later, she married Kozhikode Abdul Kader, a popular Malayalam playback singer. She has two sons, Suresh Babu and the late Sathyajith.[5]

Awards and honours

[edit]

Santha Devi is a recipient of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award (1978) and the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship (2003).[6][7] She won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Yamanam (1992) directed by Bharath Gopi.[8] She has received the Kerala State award for best Stage actress in 1968 for her role in Kudukkukal. In 1968, she received award from Thrissur Fine Arts Society and in 1973 she received best actress award again. In 1978, her acting in Ithu bhoomiyanu and Inquilabinte makkal fetched her Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Acamedy's award for best actress. She won the Kerala Film Critics Association Award in 1979 and Kerala State Award for Best Actress in State plays in 1983 for Deepasthambham Mahashcharyam.[2]

In 1992 she got Film critics award again. Santha Devi was awarded Premji award and later in 2005 the lifetime achievement award from Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi. She won the attimabbe prize also from Karnataka

Filmography (partial)

[edit]
Malayalam# Sandehi (1954)
  1. Minnaminigu(1957)
  2. Ninamaninja Kalpadukal (1963)
  3. Moodupadam (1963)
  4. Kuttikuppayam (1964)
  5. Devalayam (1964)
  6. Murappennu(1965) as Madhaviyamma
  7. Mayor Nair (1966)
  8. Kunjali Marakkar (1967)
  9. Nagarame Nandi (1967)
  10. Aneshichu Kandethiyilla (1967)
  11. Ashwamedam (1967) as Lakshmi
  12. Iruttinte Athmavu (1967) as Parukkuttiamma
  13. Mulkireedam (1967)
  14. Kottayam Kolacase (1967)
  15. Aval (1967)
  16. Anaachadanam (1968)
  17. Thokkukal Kathaparayunnu (1968)
  18. Velutha Kathreena (1968)
  19. Ummachu (1971)
  20. Kuttyedathi(1971) as Meenakshi
  21. Iniyoru Janmam Tharoo (1972)
  22. Darshanam (1973)
  23. Shasthram Jayichu Manushyan Thottu (1973)
  24. Udayam Kizhakku Thanne (1974)
  25. Nirmala (1975 film) (1975)
  26. Utharayanam (1975)
  27. Athithi (1975)
  28. Njavalppazhangal (1976)
  29. Yatheem (1977)
  30. Aparadhi (1977) as Madhaviyamma
  31. Padasaram (1978) as Kochukaali
  32. Chuvanna Vithukal (1978)
  33. Avar Jeevikkunnu (1978)
  34. Thenthulli (1979)
  35. Thakara (1979)
  36. Neelathamara (1979)
  37. Vilkkanundu Swapnangal (1980)
  38. Chakara (1980) as Subhadra
  39. Angadi (1980)
  40. Ashwaradham (1980)
  41. Adhikaram (1980)
  42. Mylanji (1982 )
  43. Surumayitta Kannukal (1983)
  44. Maniyara (1983)
  45. Srikrishna Parundu (1984)
  46. Anubandham (1985)
  47. Dheivatheyorthu (1985)
  48. Vellam (1985)
  49. Abhayam Thedi (1986)
  50. Doore Doore Oru Koodu Koottam (1986)
  51. PC 369 (1987) as Mandara
  52. Nadodikkaattu (1987) as Ramdas's Mother (Cameo appearance)
  53. Idanazhiyil Ou Kalocha (1987)
  54. Rithubetham (1987)
  55. Oohakachavadam (1988)
  56. Dhinarathrangal (1988)
  57. Kanakambarangal (1988) as Sreedevi's mother
  58. Asthikal Pookkunnu (1989) as Itti
  59. Padippura (1989)
  60. Chanakyan(1989)
  61. V. I. P. (1989) as Karthyayani
  62. Alicinte Anveshanam (1989)
  63. Naduvazhikal (1989)
  64. Carnivel (1989)
  65. Aye Auto (1990)
  66. Sasneham (1990)
  67. Brahmarakshassu (1990)
  68. Kakkathollayiram (1990)
  69. No 20 Madras Mail (1990)
  70. Aakoshakkottayile Sulthan (1991)
  71. Parallel College (1991)
  72. Adwaitham (1991)
  73. Daivasahayam Lucky Centre (1991)
  74. Dhanam (1991)
  75. Kamaladalam (1992)
  76. Yamanam (1992)
  77. Magrib (1993)
  78. Agneyam (1993)
  79. Ghoshayathra (1993) as Itheyiumma
  80. Sthalathe Pradhana Payyans (1993)
  81. Naaraayam (1993)
  82. Chukkan (1994) as Gayathri's Mother
  83. Bharanakoodam (1994) as Manju's maid
  84. Ghazal (1994)
  85. Pingami (1994)
  86. Tharavadu (1994)
  87. Deyvathinte Vikrithikal (1994)
  88. Avan Ananthapadmanabhan (1994)
  89. Mazhayethum Munbe (1995)
  90. Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Njanum (1995)
  91. Oru Abhibashakante Case Diary (1995)
  92. Sasinas (1995)
  93. Chandha (1995)
  94. No 1 Snehatheeram Bangalore North (1995)
  95. Sundarimare Sookshikkuka (1995)
  96. Madamma (1996)
  97. Aakaashathekkoru Kilivaathil (1996)
  98. Harbour (1996)
  99. Mahathma (1996)
  100. Suvarna Simhaasanam (1997)
  101. Irattakuttikalude Achan (1997) as Valsan's mother
  102. Sisiram (1998)
  103. Oro Viliyum Kathorthu (1998)
  104. Magician Mahendralal From Delhi (1998)
  105. Chenaparambile Anakaryam (1998)
  106. Priyankari (2000)
  107. Rapid Action Force (2000) as Vasanthakumari's muthassi
  108. Ninneyum Thedi (2001)
  109. Kattu Vannu Vilichappol (2001)
  110. Neythukaran (2001)
  111. Ee Bhargavi Nilayam (2002)
  112. Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam (2003)
  113. Ammakkilikkoodu (2003)
  114. Mizhirandilum (2003)
  115. Anyar (2003) as Ummumma
  116. Janakeeyam (2003) as Lakshmiyamma
  117. Kilichundan Mambhazham (2003) as Maimuna's mother
  118. Freedom (2004)
  119. Akale (2004) as Typewriting teacher
  120. Maratha Nadu (2004)
  121. Ullam (2005)
  122. Anandabadram (2005)
  123. Nottam (2006) as Jankiyamma
  124. Mamma (2006) - Short film as Mrs. Philipose
  125. Prajapathi (2006)
  126. Vilapagalkkappuram (2008)
  127. Crazy Gopalan (2008) as Janakiyamma
  128. Thalappavu (2008)
  129. Mayabazar(2008)
  130. Koodaram (2009)
  131. Malayali (2009)
  132. Kerala Cafe (2009)
  133. Nandhuni (2010)
  134. Nalla Pattukare (2010)
  135. Annarakkannanum Thannalayathu (2010) ... Valiyathan's mother
  136. Uthrada Ravu - Short film
  137. Kunjipennu (2010) - album
  138. Nurunguvettangal - Short film ... Sr. Margarita
  139. Tharangal (2014) - photo only
Hindi
  • Triyathri (1990)

Television serials (partial)

[edit]
  • Manasi (DD Malayalam)
  • Pennurimai (DD Malayalam)
  • Chitta (Surya TV)
  • Minnukettu (Surya TV)
  • Manassariyathe (Surya TV)
  • Kayamkulam Kochunni (Surya TV)
  • Ali Manthrikan
  • Ennapadam
  • Sakunam ( DD Malayalam)
  • Vadhu - telefilm
  • Vidhyarambham - telefilm
  • Puthiyaplakkuppayam - telefilm
  • Kannukal- telefilm
  • Kunchathumma - telefilm

Dramas (partial)

[edit]
  • Kudukkukal
  • Smaarakam
  • Deepasthambham Mahaascharyam
  • Inquilaaabinte Makkal
  • Ithu Bhoomiyaannu
  • Pediswapnam

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Santha Devi

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from Grokipedia
Kozhikode Santha Devi (1927 – 20 November 2010) was an Indian actress known for her extensive work in Malayalam-language films and . Over a career lasting nearly six decades, she appeared in more than 480 films and numerous stage plays, often portraying maternal roles that became her signature. She received critical acclaim, including the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the 1991 film Yamanam. Born Damayanthi in , , she entered the world of in the through the play Smarakam, influenced by figures like Vasu Pradeep. She became a regular in productions by prominent playwrights such as , K. T. Muhammad, and Thikkodiyan, contributing to over a thousand stage performances. Her film debut came in 1957 with Minnaminungu, directed by , marking the start of her cinematic journey where she frequently played the mother to leading stars like in Iruttinte Athmavu (1967) and in Kamaladalam. Devi's later career included television serials as film roles diminished, with her final screen appearance in the short film Bridge from the 2009 anthology , directed by . Despite her professional success, her personal life was marked by hardships, including the early departure of her first husband, the loss of her son, and spending her final years in an home supported by charity. She died on 20 November 2010 in a private hospital in at the age of 83, following prolonged illness, and was cremated with state honors.

Early Life

Birth and Upbringing

Santha Devi, born Damayanthi, entered the world in 1927 in , , as the daughter of Thottathil Kannakkuruppu and Karthiyayani Amma. She was the seventh of ten children in the Thottathil tharavadu, a traditional joint family household that was well-known in the region. This large family environment, characteristic of 's matrilineal tharavadu system, fostered close-knit dynamics in a bustling home setting. Raised in , a cultural hub of Malabar, Santha Devi's early years were immersed in the city's vibrant traditions and artistic milieu. The local scene, including troupes and folk performances, provided formative influences that subtly shaped her inclinations toward the stage. As she transitioned into formal education, Santha Devi attended local schools in , where the blend of family life and regional culture continued to define her upbringing.

Education

Santha Devi received her early formal education at Sabha School in . Her schooling in this cultural center of exposed her to the region's vibrant literary scene and traditional arts, nurturing an early fascination with performance and activities.

Professional Career

Theatre Work

Santha Devi made her debut in theatre with the play Smarakam in 1954, portraying the role of in a production written by Vasu Pradeep and directed by Kundanari Appu Nair. This marked her entry into stage acting at a time when female performers were rare on stages, and the play was staged in her hometown of . Under the guidance of influential theatre personalities such as K. T. Mohammed and , Santha Devi honed her craft, participating in plays that advanced social and dramatic themes in theatre. Her training emphasized realistic portrayals and emotional depth, drawing from the progressive traditions of mid-20th-century drama, including influences from institutions like the , which later honored her contributions. Over a career spanning six decades, she performed in more than 1,000 stage plays, establishing herself as a foundational figure in the region's live theatre scene. Among her notable performances, Santha Devi's role in Kudukkukal earned her the State award for best stage actress in 1968, highlighting her ability to convey complex maternal and societal conflicts with nuance and intensity. She also appeared in , where her portrayal contributed to the play's exploration of cultural and familial absurdities, reinforcing her reputation for versatile character work in ensemble productions. These roles exemplified her evolving style, which shifted from earnest dramatic realism in early works to more layered interpretations influenced by collaborations with playwrights like Thikkodiyan, adapting to theatre's demands for live interaction and improvisation. Her extensive theatre experience laid the groundwork for her later ventures into film, where stage-honed skills in dialogue delivery and presence translated effectively to screen roles.

Film Career

Santha Devi transitioned to Malayalam cinema in the mid-1950s, leveraging her theatre experience to take on supporting roles that highlighted her nuanced portrayals of everyday women. Her film debut came in 1957 with Minnaminungu, directed by , where she played a pivotal character in this social drama exploring rural life and family dynamics. Over the course of her six-decade career, Santha Devi appeared in approximately 480 films, establishing herself as a reliable supporting actress whose performances added emotional depth to ensemble casts. In the , she delivered memorable roles such as Kadeesumma, the resilient mother in Moodupadam (1963), a film addressing interfaith harmony in society, and Parukkutty Amma, the devoted yet helpless parent of the protagonist in Iruttinte Athmavu (1967), directed by , which tackled themes of and familial bonds. These early contributions helped shape character-driven narratives in , emphasizing relatable, grounded female figures amid evolving social stories. As her career progressed into the and beyond, Santha Devi shifted toward more mature character roles, often portraying grandmothers and matriarchs that underscored themes of legacy and resilience. Notable among these was her appearance in Adwaitham (1992), a directed by , where she supported the lead ensemble in exploring corruption and moral dilemmas. Her final film role came in the anthology (2009), produced by Ranjith, in which she portrayed a forlorn grandmother, earning critical acclaim for her poignant depiction of isolation in modern . Throughout the decades, her consistent work in over 480 films influenced the portrayal of secondary female characters, blending subtlety and authenticity to enhance the emotional layers of storytelling.

Television Work

Santha Devi transitioned to television in the 1990s as opportunities in roles began to diminish, enabling her to sustain her acting career amid the rise of Malayalam serials on channels like DD Malayalam and . This shift occurred during a period when television was emerging as a major entertainment medium in , offering her a platform to reach broader household audiences beyond theatre and cinema. She gained recognition for her supporting roles in key serials such as Manasi on DD Malayalam and Minnukettu on Surya TV, both of which aired in the early 2000s and focused on family-centric narratives exploring interpersonal relationships and societal norms. In these productions, Devi portrayed mature, empathetic maternal figures whose subtle expressions and dialogue delivery added emotional layers to the episodic format, adapting her established theatre and film techniques to the constraints of daily broadcasting. Her television contributions played a pivotal role in elevating the visibility of veteran character actors in the medium, demonstrating how seasoned performers could enhance serialized storytelling and popularize nuanced portrayals in home entertainment. By drawing on her extensive prior experience, Devi's TV work bridged traditional acting styles with modern broadcast demands, influencing subsequent generations of supporting artists in serials.

Personal Life

Family Background

Santha Devi was born into the Thottathil family, a well-known tharavadu in , as the daughter of Thottathil Kannakkuruppu and Karthiyayani Amma. The joint family system of the tharavadu shaped her early values, emphasizing collective support and cultural traditions that provided opportunities for artistic expression within the household. The large family consisted of five brothers and four sisters, with her brothers serving in the and military, contributing to a household environment of discipline and . This family structure in influenced her personal roots, fostering resilience and community-oriented perspectives that guided her life choices.

Marriages and Children

Santha Devi entered into her first at the age of 18 with Balakrishnan, the son of her and a railway guard by profession. The union ended in shortly thereafter, as Balakrishnan left her soon after the wedding. She later married the renowned playback singer Kozhikode Abdul Kader, whose encouragement played a pivotal role in supporting her acting pursuits; he introduced her to prominent figures in the industry, such as Vasu Pradeep, and remained a key source of inspiration throughout her career. The couple faced challenges, including financial strains that compelled Santha Devi to continue working in theatre and film even in her later years to sustain the family. After the death of Abdul Kader in 1977 and her son Sathyajith in 2007, she was abandoned by relatives and spent her final years in an old age home supported by charity from well-wishers. From her second marriage, Santha Devi had two sons: Suresh Babu and Sathyajith. Sathyajith, who predeceased his mother, briefly followed in her footsteps as a , earning recognition for his performance in the 1971 film Kuttiyedathi directed by P. N. Menon, where he won an award for his role.

Death

Santha Devi, born Damayanthi in 1927, passed away on November 20, 2010, at the age of 83. She died in the evening at a private hospital in following a prolonged illness. Her body was kept at the from 11:30 a.m. on November 21 to allow the public to pay their respects. The funeral took place later that day at 2:00 p.m. in , , where she was cremated with full state honors. Her elder son, Suresh Kumar, along with other family members, attended the funeral, which was also represented by state government officials.

Awards and Honours

Film Awards

Santha Devi's performances in films earned her significant acclaim, culminating in a national-level honor that underscored her ability to bring nuance to complex maternal roles. In 1992, she received the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as the tormented mother in Yamanam (1991), directed by . This prestigious award, conferred by the Government of India's , recognizes exceptional contributions in supporting roles that elevate the film's thematic depth, with a cash prize of ₹10,000 and a Silver Lotus (Rajat Kamal) trophy. Her depiction of an understanding yet anguished parent navigating social injustices in the film—adapted from George Onakkoor's novel Kamana and focusing on issues like and welfare of the handicapped—highlighted her emotional range and authenticity, aiding Yamanam's parallel win for Best Film on Other Social Issues. The citation specifically commended her for "living the role of the understanding and tormented mother," emphasizing how her restrained yet powerful acting amplified the narrative's social commentary. She also received the Kerala Film Critics Association Award for in 1979.

Theatre Awards

Santha Devi's exceptional performances in stage plays earned her prestigious recognitions from the , an institution dedicated to nurturing and promoting the state's traditions, including , through annual awards and fellowships that highlight artistic excellence and cultural preservation. She received the Kerala State Award for Best Stage Actress in 1968 for her role in Kudukkukal. In 1978, she was awarded the Award in the drama category for her outstanding contributions as a actress, reflecting her pivotal role in elevating live performances during a period when was gaining prominence as a medium for and artistic expression. She also won the Kerala State Award for Best Actress in State Plays in 1983 for Deepasthambham Mahashcharyam. Her enduring legacy in theatre culminated in the Fellowship in 2003, granted to T. Santhadevi under the drama category, acknowledging a lifetime of dedication that spanned over six decades and more than 1,000 stage appearances. These honors exemplify the Akademi's efforts to sustain by celebrating artists who bridged traditional folk forms with modern dramatic techniques, thereby inspiring subsequent generations of performers.

Legacy

Contributions to Malayalam Arts

Santha Devi's extensive oeuvre in arts underscores her pioneering role as a character actress, particularly through her portrayal of maternal figures that infused depth and emotional authenticity into narratives. Over six decades, she contributed to more than 1,000 stage plays and approximately 480 films, establishing a benchmark for versatility in character-driven performances. Her work in , beginning with the 1954 play Smarakam under directors like and K.T. Muhammad, laid the foundation for her nuanced interpretations of complex female roles, often drawing from everyday life to create relatable yet impactful characters. In , Santha Devi elevated the depiction of female characters by embodying strong, resilient mothers who navigated familial and societal challenges, influencing subsequent portrayals in . Notable examples include her role as Prem Nazir's mother in Iruttinte Atmavu (1967) and Mohanlal's in Kamaladalam (1992), where she conveyed layered emotions that resonated with audiences and highlighted women's pivotal roles in family dynamics. These performances not only advanced character acting but also enriched storytelling by prioritizing emotional realism over stereotypical tropes, earning her the National Award for Best Supporting Actress for Yamanam (1991). Santha Devi bridged traditional theatre traditions with modern film and television, adapting her stage-honed techniques to the screen and small screen formats. As film opportunities waned later in her career, she seamlessly transitioned to television serials, sustaining her commitment to the arts and mentoring emerging talent through collaborative productions in Kozhikode's vibrant cultural scene. This prolific output—spanning landmark plays like Kudukkukal (1968) and films up to (2009)—played a vital role in preserving Kerala's by embedding regional dialects, customs, and social themes into enduring artistic expressions.

Remembrance and Tributes

Following her death on November 20, 2010, Santha Devi received widespread tributes from the Malayalam film and theatre industries, with media outlets publishing obituaries that celebrated her six-decade career as a pioneering actress. Her mortal remains were placed at Kozhikode Town Hall from 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. on November 21, allowing the public and industry figures to pay homage, including filmmakers V. M. Vinu and T. A. Razaq, actors Ali Akbar, Mamukkoya, and Kuttiedathi Vilasini, as well as political leaders like M. K. Raghavan and literary personalities such as P. Valsala and M. N. Karassery. The actress was cremated with full state honors at Mavoor Road crematorium in around 2 p.m. that day, attended by family members including her son Suresh Kumar, Kerala Industries Minister , and District Collector on behalf of the Chief Minister, reflecting the official recognition of her cultural stature. Prominent figures like Union Minister also offered their respects, underscoring the cross-sector grief over her passing. Posthumously, Santha Devi has been honored through television retrospectives in media. In 2013, acclaimed writer and filmmaker Kamal dedicated an episode of the popular memory-based show Orma to reminiscing her life and contributions to theatre and film. More recently, in 2024, Amrita TV's archival series Innalathe Tharam featured a full episode exploring her journey as a yesteryear star, drawing on her extensive filmography and stage legacy to engage contemporary audiences. In arts circles, she remains perceived as a foundational veteran actress whose transition from to over 480 exemplified Kozhikode's influence on regional cinema, often cited in cultural histories as one of the industry's enduring stalwarts.

References

  1. https://oldmalayalamcinema.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/1927-20-november-2010-remembering-p-santha-devi/
  2. https://www.geni.com/people/Shanatha-Devi/6000000012081020124
  3. https://www.themoviedb.org/person/1438551-santha-devi
  4. https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/Nov/21/tragedies-haunted-her-204593.html
  5. https://pazhayathu.blogspot.com/2018/11/when-women-hesitated-to-appear-on-stage.html
  6. https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/Nov/21/santha-devi-passes-away-204597.html
  7. http://bengalitheatrelive.blogspot.com/2015/11/paying-our-homage-to-veteran-stage.html
  8. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0232102/
  9. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0214962/
  10. https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/moodupadam-1963/article3436424.ece
  11. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0155763/
  12. https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/iruttinte-athmavu-1967/article4588266.ece
  13. https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2010/shantha-devi-glowing-tribute-231110.html
  14. https://www.themoviedb.org/person/1438551-santha-devi?language=en-US
  15. https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/malayalam/theatre-artist/kozhikode-shantha-devi
  16. https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-gossips/when-that-mother-cried-i-would-cry-says-mayanadi-fame-maya-menon-about-actress-santha-devi/articleshow/72178299.cms
  17. https://oozeeme.blogspot.com/2014/03/santha-devi.html
  18. http://ramachandrababu.blogspot.com/2010/11/santha-devi.html
  19. https://www.indianexpress.com/news/malayalam-actress-shanta-devi-passes-away/713913/
  20. https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/Nov/22/tearful-adieu-to-santha-devi-204885.html
  21. https://bharatgopy.com/filmography/yamanam-1991/
  22. https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000467/1992/1/
  23. https://keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/
  24. https://keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/AWARD.pdf
  25. https://keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fellowship-Award-list-KSNA.pdf
  26. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-4iWWMIS5I
  27. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7IG1K-M5BGk
  28. http://www.sahapedia.org/cinema-city
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