Scaphander

Scaphander
	Three preserved specimens of Scaphander lignarius, from left to right, the anterior, anterior, and posterior ends are at the top of the image
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Infraclass:	Euthyneura
Superfamily:	Philinoidea
Family:	Scaphandridae
Genus:	Scaphander; Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
	Bulla lignaria Linnaeus, 1758;
Synonyms
	Assula Schumacher, 1817; Brocktonia Iredale, 1915 (junior subjective synonym); Bucconia Dall, 1890; Bulla (Bullocardia) F. Nordsieck, 1972; Bulla (Scaphander) Montfort, 1810 (superseded combination); Gioenia Bruguière, 1789 unavailable name (suppressed by ICZN Opinion 287); Meloscaphander Schepman, 1913 ·; Scaphander (Bucconia) Dall, 1890; Scaphander (Sabatina) Dall, 1908; Tricla Philippson, 1788 (Invalid: Placed on the Official Index by ICZN Opinion 287);

Scaphander is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe bubbles.^[1]

Description

(Described as Meloscaphander) The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slightly exserted spire. The aperture is large but shorter than the shell, and the columella is moderately curved and thick. The surface is sculpted with rows of spiral pits. ^[2]

(Described as Scaphander (Sabatina) ) In most, if not all, species of this proposed subgenus, the callosity on the body does not form a distinct "fold." Instead, it appears as an amorphous mass, which sometimes may be granular, smooth, or occasionally tubercular in texture. While the typical fossil species seems to have an interiorly produced callus, the recent species differ notably from Bellardi’s fossil. They not only lack the same callus characteristics but also exhibit a globose shell shape rather than the pyriform shape seen in the fossil. For these globose recent species, I propose the name Sabatina, with Scaphander sabatina planeticus Dall, 1908 as the type. These species possess an animal capable of fully retracting into the shell, with gastroliths identical to those found in Scaphander lignarius. ^[3]

Species

Species within the genus Scaphander include:

Scaphander amygdalus Siegwald & Malaquias, 2024
Scaphander andamanicus E. A. Smith, 1894
† Scaphander brevicula Philippi 1887 ^[4]
Scaphander cancellatus E. von Martens, 1902
† Scaphander cauveti (de Raincourt, 1885)
Scaphander ceylanus E. A. Smith, 1904 (uncertain)
Scaphander clavus Dall, 1889
† Scaphander conicus (Deshayes, 1824)
Scaphander cornus Siegwald & Malaquias, 2024
Scaphander darius Marcus & Marcus, 1967
† Scaphander dertonensis (Sacco, 1896)
Scaphander dilatatus A. Adams, 1862 (nomen dubium)
† Scaphander elegans (K. Martin, 1879)
Scaphander elongatus A. Adams, 1862 (nomen dubium)
† Scaphander enysi (Hutton, 1873)
† Scaphander flemingi Marwick, 1965
Scaphander gracilis Watson, 1886
Scaphander grandis (Minichev, 1967)
† Scaphander hiulcus Laws, 1936
† Scaphander ickeiK. Martin, 1914
Scaphander illecebrosus Iredale, 1925
Scaphander imperceptus (Bouchet, 1975)
Scaphander impunctatus Hickman 1980 ^[5]
Scaphander interruptus Dall, 1889 ^[6]
† Scaphander javana Martin 1879 ^[7]
† Scaphander jugularis (Conrad, 1855) ^[8]
† Scaphander komiticus Laws, 1939
Scaphander laetus Thiele, 1925 (taxon inquirendum)
† Scaphander langdoni Dall, 1896 (unassessed)
Scaphander lignarius (Linnaeus, 1767)
Scaphander lignarius lignarius (Linnaeus, 1758) - wood-grained canoe bubble
† Scaphander malleatus Marwick, 1931
Scaphander meridionalis Siegwald, Pastorino, Oskars & Malaquias, 2020
† Scaphander miriamae Dell, 1952
Scaphander mundus Watson, 1883 ^[9]
† Scaphander nannus Woodring 1928 ^[10]
Scaphander nobilis Verrill, 1884
Scaphander obnubilus Siegwald & Malaquias, 2024
† Scaphander oligoturritus Sacco 1897 ^[11]
Scaphander otagoensis Dell, 1956
† Scaphander parisiensis A. d'Orbigny, 1850
Scaphander pilsbryi McGinty, 1955 (taxon inquirendum)
Scaphander planeticus Dall, 1908
† Scaphander polysarcus Cossmann and Pissarro 1913 ^[12]
Scaphander primus (unassessed)
Scaphander punctostriatus (Mighels & C. B. Adams, 1842) - giant canoe-bubble
† Scaphander radii Abbass 1967 ^[13]
† Scaphander rarus Wade 1926 ^[14]
† Scaphander remondi Philippi 1887 ^[4]
† Scaphander reticulatus Pecchioli, 1864 (unassessed)
† Scaphander scapha Laws, 1933
Scaphander semicallus Siegwald & Malaquias, 2024
Scaphander sibogae Schepman, 1913
Scaphander solomonensis Siegwald & Malaquias, 2024
† Scaphander stewarti Durham 1944 ^[15]
Scaphander sulcatinus A. Adams, 1862 (nomen dubium)
† Scaphander tarbelliana (Grateloup, 1837)
† Scaphander tenuis G. F. Harris, 1897
Scaphander teramachii (Habe, 1954)
† Scaphander toringa Dell, 1952
Scaphander tortuosus Siegwald & Malaquias, 2024
† Scaphander washingtonensis Tegland 1933 ^[15]
† Scaphander watsoni Dall, 1881
Scaphander watsoni rehderi
Scaphander willetti Dall, 1919 (taxon inquirendum)
† Scaphander yonabaruensis MacNeil, 1961

Species brought into synonymy

Scaphander alatus''Dall, 1895: synonym of Scaphander mundus Watson, 1883
† Scaphander alaskensis Clark 1932:^[16] synonym of † Acila gettysburgensis alaskensis (B. L. Clark, 1932)
Scaphander attenuatus Schepman, 1913: synonym of Scaphander cancellatus E. von Martens, 1902 (junior subjective synonym)
Scaphander bathymophilus Dall, 1881: synonym of Sabatia bathymophila (Dall, 1881) (superseded combination)
Scaphander brownii Leach, 1852: synonym of Scaphander lignarius (Linnaeus, 1758)
Scaphander cumingii A. Adams, 1862: synonym of Philine cumingii (A. Adams, 1862) (original combination)
Scaphander cylindrellus Dall, 1908: synonym of Cylichnium cylindrellum (Dall, 1908) (original combination)
† Scaphander duseni Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992: synonym of † Kaitoa duseni (Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992)
Scaphander fragilis (Habe, 1952): synonym of Eoscaphander fragilis Habe, 1952
Scaphander gibbulus Jeffreys, 1856: synonym of Weinkauffia gibbula (Jeffreys, 1856): synonym of Weinkauffia turgidula (Forbes, 1844) (original combination)
Scaphander giganteus Risso, 1826: synonym of Scaphander lignarius (Linnaeus, 1758)
Scaphander japonicus Adams, 1862: synonym of Nipponoscaphander japonicus (A. Adams, 1862) (superseded combination, original combination)
Scaphander librarius Lovén, 1846: synonym of Scaphander punctostriatus (Mighels & C. B. Adams, 1842)
Scaphander loisae Bullis, 1956: synonym of Scaphander bathymophilus (Dall, 1881)
Scaphander mulitstriata Brazier, 1877: synonym of Scaphander multistriatus Brazier, 1877: synonym of Scaphander japonicus A. Adams, 1862 (incorrect gender of species epithet)
Scaphander multistriatus Brazier, 1877: synonym of Scaphander japonicus A. Adams, 1862
Scaphander niveus R. B. Watson, 1883: synonym of Sabatia nivea (R. B. Watson, 1883) (original combination)
Scaphander pilsbryi McGinty, 1955: synonym of Scaphander darius Marcus & Marcus, 1967
Scaphander pustulosus Dall, 1895: synonym of Sabatia pustulosa Dall, 1895 (original combination)
Scaphander robustus Okutani, 1966: synonym of Sabatia robusta (Okutani, 1966) (superseded combination)
Scaphander sibogae (Schepman, 1913): synonym of Scaphander attenuatus Schepman, 1913 (invalid: junior secondary homonym of Scaphander sibogae Schepman, 1913)
Scaphander stigmatica Dall, 1927: synonym of Scaphander nobilis Verrill, 1884
Scaphander subglobosa Schepman, 1913: synonym of Scaphander subglobosus Schepman, 1913 (original spelling; incorrect gender agreement of specific epithet)
Scaphander subglobosus Schepman, 1913: synonym of Scaphander cancellatus E. von Martens, 1902
Scaphander takedai (Habe, 1981): synonym of Sabatia takedai (Habe, 1981) (superseded combination)
Scaphander targionius Risso, 1826: synonym of Scaphander lignarius (Linnaeus, 1758)
Scaphander vicinus E. A. Smith, 1906: synonym of Scaphander mundus R. B. Watson, 1883 (junior subjective synonym)

References

^ ^a ^b Scaphander (Linnaeus, 1758). 27 October 2024. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species.
^ Schepman, M.M. (1913). The Prosobranchia, Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia Tectibranchiata of the Siboga Expedition. Part VI. Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia Tectibranchiata, Tribe Bullomorpha. Siboga-Expeditie. 49f. p. 464.
^ Dall, W.H. (1908). "Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the west coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried on by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer "Albatross," during 1891, Lieut.-Commander Z.L. Tanner, U.S.N., commanding. XXXVII. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer "Albatross", from October, 1904 to March, 1905, Lieut.-Commander L.M. Garrett, U.S.N., commanding. XIV. The Mollusca and Brachiopoda". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 43 (6): 240. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
^ ^a ^b D. Frassinetti. 2001. Molluscos bivalvos y gastrópodos del Mioceno marino de Isla Stokes, sur de Chile. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile 50:73-90
^ C. S. Hickman. 1980. Paleogene Marine Gastropods of the Keasey Formation in Oregon. Bulletins of American Paleontology 78(310):1-112
^ S. N. Nielson and C. Valdovinos. 2008. Early Pleistocene mollusks of the Tubul Formation, south-central Chile. The Nautilus 122(4):201-216
^ K. Martin. 1879. Die Tertiärschichten auf Java. Nach den Entdeckungen von Fr. Junghuhn. Geologische-Reichsmuseum 1-164
^ T. A. Conrad. 1855. Report Of Mr. T. A. Conrad On The Fossil Shells Collected In California By Wm. P. Blake, Geologist Of The Expedition Under The Command Of Lieutenant R. S. Williamson, United States Topographical Engineers. Description of the fossils and shells collected in California by William P. Blake, Geologist of the United States Pacific Railroad Survey in California. under the command of Lieut. R. S. Williamson, In 1853-54. Article 1 of Appendix to the Preliminary Geological Report of WIlliam P. Blake, Geologist of the Survey in California Under the Command of Lieut. R. S. Williamson. Palæontology 5-21
^ P. Bouchet, Opisthobranches de profondeur de l'Océan Atlantique: I - Cephalaspidea
^ W. P. Woodring. 1928. Miocene Molluscs from Bowden, Jamaica. Part 2: Gastropods and discussion of results. Contributions to the Geology and Palaeontology of the West Indies
^ M. Harzhauser, M. Euter, W. E. Piller, B. Berning, A. Kroh and O. Mandic. 2009. Oligocene and Early Miocene gastropods from Kutch (NW India) document an early biogeographic switch from Western Tethys to Indo-Pacific. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 83:333-372
^ P. Jeffery and S. Tracey. 1997. The Early Eocene London Clay Formation mollusc fauna of the former Bursledon Brickworks, Lower Swanwick, Hampshire. Tertiary Research 17(3-4):75-137
^ H. L. Abbass. 1967. A monograph on the Egyptian Paleocene and Eocene gastropods. United Arab Republic, Geological Survey-Geological Museum, Palaeontological Series, Monograph (4)1-154
^ N. F. Sohl. 1964. Neogastropoda, Opisthobranchia, and Basommatophora from the Ripley, Owl Creek, and Prairie Bluff Formations. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 331(B):153-344
^ ^a ^b J. W. Durham. 1944. Megafaunal zones of the Oligocene of northwestern Washington. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 27:101 -212
^ B. L. Clark. 1932. Fauna of the Poul and Yakataga Formations (Upper Oligocene) of Southern Alaska. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 43:797-846

ZipCodeZoo
Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1

External links

Miocene Gastropods and Biostratigraphy of the Kern River Area, California; United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 642 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Serge GOFAS, Ángel A. LUQUE, Joan Daniel OLIVER, José TEMPLADO & Alberto SERRA (2021) - The Mollusca of Galicia Bank (NE Atlantic Ocean); European Journal of Taxonomy 785: 1–114
Siegwald, J., Oskars, T. R., Kano, Y. & Malaquias, M. A. E. (2022). A global phylogeny of the deep-sea gastropod family Scaphandridae (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea): Redefinition and generic classification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 169: 107415
Eilertsen M.H. & Malaquias M.A. (2013). "Systematic revision of the genus Scaphander (Gastropoda, Cephalaspidea) in the Atlantic Ocean, with a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 167 (3): 389–429. doi:10.1111/zoj.12013.

[WoRMS-1] Scaphander (Linnaeus, 1758). 27 October 2024. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species.

[2] Schepman, M.M. (1913). The Prosobranchia, Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia Tectibranchiata of the Siboga Expedition. Part VI. Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia Tectibranchiata, Tribe Bullomorpha. Siboga-Expeditie. 49f. p. 464.

[3] Dall, W.H. (1908). "Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the west coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried on by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer "Albatross," during 1891, Lieut.-Commander Z.L. Tanner, U.S.N., commanding. XXXVII. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer "Albatross", from October, 1904 to March, 1905, Lieut.-Commander L.M. Garrett, U.S.N., commanding. XIV. The Mollusca and Brachiopoda". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 43 (6): 240. Retrieved 29 October 2024.

[D._Frassinetti_2001-4] D. Frassinetti. 2001. Molluscos bivalvos y gastrópodos del Mioceno marino de Isla Stokes, sur de Chile. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile 50:73-90

[5] C. S. Hickman. 1980. Paleogene Marine Gastropods of the Keasey Formation in Oregon. Bulletins of American Paleontology 78(310):1-112

[6] S. N. Nielson and C. Valdovinos. 2008. Early Pleistocene mollusks of the Tubul Formation, south-central Chile. The Nautilus 122(4):201-216

[7] K. Martin. 1879. Die Tertiärschichten auf Java. Nach den Entdeckungen von Fr. Junghuhn. Geologische-Reichsmuseum 1-164

[8] T. A. Conrad. 1855. Report Of Mr. T. A. Conrad On The Fossil Shells Collected In California By Wm. P. Blake, Geologist Of The Expedition Under The Command Of Lieutenant R. S. Williamson, United States Topographical Engineers. Description of the fossils and shells collected in California by William P. Blake, Geologist of the United States Pacific Railroad Survey in California. under the command of Lieut. R. S. Williamson, In 1853-54. Article 1 of Appendix to the Preliminary Geological Report of WIlliam P. Blake, Geologist of the Survey in California Under the Command of Lieut. R. S. Williamson. Palæontology 5-21

[9] P. Bouchet, Opisthobranches de profondeur de l'Océan Atlantique: I - Cephalaspidea

[10] W. P. Woodring. 1928. Miocene Molluscs from Bowden, Jamaica. Part 2: Gastropods and discussion of results. Contributions to the Geology and Palaeontology of the West Indies

[11] M. Harzhauser, M. Euter, W. E. Piller, B. Berning, A. Kroh and O. Mandic. 2009. Oligocene and Early Miocene gastropods from Kutch (NW India) document an early biogeographic switch from Western Tethys to Indo-Pacific. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 83:333-372

[12] P. Jeffery and S. Tracey. 1997. The Early Eocene London Clay Formation mollusc fauna of the former Bursledon Brickworks, Lower Swanwick, Hampshire. Tertiary Research 17(3-4):75-137

[13] H. L. Abbass. 1967. A monograph on the Egyptian Paleocene and Eocene gastropods. United Arab Republic, Geological Survey-Geological Museum, Palaeontological Series, Monograph (4)1-154

[14] N. F. Sohl. 1964. Neogastropoda, Opisthobranchia, and Basommatophora from the Ripley, Owl Creek, and Prairie Bluff Formations. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 331(B):153-344

[W._Durham_1944-15] J. W. Durham. 1944. Megafaunal zones of the Oligocene of northwestern Washington. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 27:101 -212

[16] B. L. Clark. 1932. Fauna of the Poul and Yakataga Formations (Upper Oligocene) of Southern Alaska. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 43:797-846

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Scaphander

Three preserved specimens of Scaphander lignarius, from left to right, the anterior, anterior, and posterior ends are at the top of the image
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Infraclass:	Euthyneura
Superfamily:	Philinoidea
Family:	Scaphandridae
Genus:	Scaphander Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Bulla lignaria Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms^[1]
Assula Schumacher, 1817 Brocktonia Iredale, 1915 (junior subjective synonym) Bucconia Dall, 1890 Bulla (Bullocardia) F. Nordsieck, 1972 Bulla (Scaphander) Montfort, 1810 (superseded combination) Gioenia Bruguière, 1789 unavailable name (suppressed by ICZN Opinion 287) Meloscaphander Schepman, 1913 · Scaphander (Bucconia) Dall, 1890 Scaphander (Sabatina) Dall, 1908 Tricla Philippson, 1788 (Invalid: Placed on the Official Index by ICZN Opinion 287)