The University of Sheffield Medical School is a medical school based at the University of Sheffield in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The school traces its history back to at least 1828. It operated independently until its merger with Firth College and Sheffield Technical School in 1897, and is now an integral part of Sheffield's Faculty of Health.

The medical school consists of three divisions: Clinical Medicine, Population Health, and Neuroscience, and is active in three fields of medicine: teaching, researching and practising.

Sheffield was ranked 12th in the UK in clinical, pre-clinical and health in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2020. As of 2020, its five-year MBChB programme admits 273 home students and a further 18 overseas students per year. It is a founding member of the UCAT consortium and one of 32 bodies entitled by the General Medical Council to award medical degrees in the UK.

Surgeon apothecary Hall Overend started medical teaching in Sheffield as early as 1811. Medical training was then unstructured due to apprenticeship until the Apothecaries Act 1815 came into force. The act empowered the Society of Apothecaries in London to regulate medical profession throughout England and Wales, as well as to award licence to practise, the Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries (LSA). Although Overend was never registered with the Society of Apothecaries as a lecturer, he began to develop his own School of Practical Anatomy and Medicine in Sheffield, which became the oldest higher education establishment in the city, and one of the earliest English medical schools outside London. The school received external recognition in 1828, when its teachers were formally registered with the society. Overend taught with examples illustrating natural history, anatomy, pathology and chemistry. He also conducted demonstrations of dissection at his Church Street home, in an anatomy museum that was converted from a malt house. The cadavers used for teaching human anatomy in his school were illegally provided by resurrectionists, which was common in the 19th century. Overend presented his apprentices for the LSA since 1815 and seven of them had successfully passed the examination between 1816 and 1826. Hall Overend's son, Wilson Overend, also qualified as a lecturer with the Society of Apothecaries in 1828.

In the late 1820s, physicians and surgeons of the Sheffield General Infirmary, the first hospital in the city, stated that a medical school connected with a public hospital would have greater eligibility for recognition by the Society of Apothecaries, compared with one that run by private individuals. Arnold James Knight, a physician at the infirmary, made a motion to found a public medical school in Sheffield in 1828, which was seconded by Hall Overend. Wilson Overend took over ownership of his father's medical school at the beginning of 1829, since his father transferred his support to the new school. Wilson continued his school as Sheffield School of Anatomy and Medicine at the corner house between Eyre Street and Charles Street, until was burnt down in 1835 following a riot; the wife of the caretaker of the premises shouted out "murder" when the alleged drunk caretaker and his friend proceeded to beat her. The crowd misinterpreted the noise as the men were attempting to murder or burke the woman, broke into the building and set fire.

The new medical school was formally opened as the Sheffield Medical Institution on 2 July 1829 at the end of Surrey Street. Knight laid the foundation stone in 1829 and gave an opening lecture describing the systematic programme of medical education. Operated in a similar way to Hall Overend's school, the Sheffield Medical Institution was however corporately owned and provided facilities for doctors who were already in practice. It had a lecture room with 100 seats, a dissecting room and a museum with library. The teachers for the institution were unpaid and were drawn from the consultants at the General Infirmary, as well as at the Public Dispensary (founded in 1832 also by Knight). The Sheffield Medical Institution was renamed Sheffield Medical School in 1865, and in 1868 the Sheffield School of Medicine. Mariano Alejo Martin de Bartolomé was President of the Medical School for 22 years since 1866. Throughout the 19th century, the medical school collaborated with the Sheffield Children's Hospital and Jessop Hospital for Women to provide all the medical teaching.

The school struggled to survive and was near to closure twice in 1865 and 1882. This was caused by the resignation of the lecturers and the difficulty of recruiting new ones. There was also competition for public funds between the school and other local hospitals (including the specialist Lodge Moor Hospital and newly-founded Northern General and Nether Edge hospitals). Firth College, established in 1879 by Mark Firth, saved the medical school from collapse by taking over the teaching of all preliminary science subjects to medical students. The two local institutions hence became intertwined. In 1883, the Mayor of Sheffield and the Master Cutler (an ambassador of industry in Sheffield) appealed to the public for funds to build a new medical school building to replace the original one in Surrey Street, leading to the relocation of the Sheffield School of Medicine in 1888 from Surrey Street to a new premises on Leopold Street, opposite Firth College. The new building contained classrooms, a tiered lecture theatre, a dissecting room, a library and a museum.

In late 19th century, Principal of Firth College William Mitchinson Hicks had an ideal to bring into Sheffield a university. The first stage to accomplishing this was the union the city's higher education institutions (the medical school, Firth College and the Sheffield Technical School) into one university college. In 1897, the merger of the three institutions resulted in the University College of Sheffield. The medical school became one of its departments.