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Social defeat
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Social defeat
In biology and behavioural psychology, social defeat refers to the physiological and behavioral effects on the losing party in a confrontation among animals of the same species, or in any kind of hostile dispute among humans. Social defeat can potentially greatly affect an individual's control over resources, access to mates, and social position, and the term is used in both dyadic (one-on-one) and group-individual contexts.
Research on social stress has accumulated a useful body of knowledge, providing perspective on the effects of detrimental social and environmental interaction on the brain. Research and experimentation suffer from many methodological difficulties: usually a lack of ecological validity (similarity with natural conditions and stressors) or are not amenable to scientific investigation (difficult to test and verify).
Social psychology approaches to human aggression have developed a multitude of perspectives based on observations of human phenomena such as bullying, mobbing, physical and verbal abuse, and relational aggression. Despite the richness of theories developed, the body of knowledge generated has not satisfied scientific requirements of testability and verifiability.
Animal studies of within-species aggression developed in two main branches. One approach is based on laboratory experiments in controlled conditions, which allows the measurement of behavioral, endocrine and neurological variables, but requires the application of unnatural stressors (such as foot-shocks and restraint stress) in unnatural conditions (laboratory cages rarely approximate native habitats), which potentially limits the applicability of results to natural conditions. Another is based on observations of animals in naturalistic settings, which avoids artificial environments and unnatural stresses, but usually does not allow the measurement of physiological effects or the manipulation of relevant variables.
In real life situations, animals (including humans) have to cope with stresses generated during their interactions with other members of their own species, especially due to recurrent struggles over the control of limited resources, mates and social positions.
Social defeat is a source of chronic stress in animals and humans, capable of causing significant changes in behaviour, brain functioning, physiology, neurotransmitter and hormone levels, and health.
The social defeat approach originated from animal experiments, using the "resident-intruder" paradigm, in which an animal was placed in the cage of another animal or group of animals of the same species, in a manner that allowed a non-lethal conflict. It has been documented to produce anxiety-like and depressive-like behavioral declines in susceptible mice.
If animals are allowed to fight on a single occasion only, it is usually regarded as a model of acute stress; if they are allowed to fight on several occasions, on different days, consecutive or not, it is regarded as a model of chronic stress. After the defeat or in the interval between fights, the subordinate animal may also be exposed to threats from the dominant one, by having to stay in a cage or compartment beside or nearby the dominant, exposed to its visual or olfactory cues.
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Social defeat
In biology and behavioural psychology, social defeat refers to the physiological and behavioral effects on the losing party in a confrontation among animals of the same species, or in any kind of hostile dispute among humans. Social defeat can potentially greatly affect an individual's control over resources, access to mates, and social position, and the term is used in both dyadic (one-on-one) and group-individual contexts.
Research on social stress has accumulated a useful body of knowledge, providing perspective on the effects of detrimental social and environmental interaction on the brain. Research and experimentation suffer from many methodological difficulties: usually a lack of ecological validity (similarity with natural conditions and stressors) or are not amenable to scientific investigation (difficult to test and verify).
Social psychology approaches to human aggression have developed a multitude of perspectives based on observations of human phenomena such as bullying, mobbing, physical and verbal abuse, and relational aggression. Despite the richness of theories developed, the body of knowledge generated has not satisfied scientific requirements of testability and verifiability.
Animal studies of within-species aggression developed in two main branches. One approach is based on laboratory experiments in controlled conditions, which allows the measurement of behavioral, endocrine and neurological variables, but requires the application of unnatural stressors (such as foot-shocks and restraint stress) in unnatural conditions (laboratory cages rarely approximate native habitats), which potentially limits the applicability of results to natural conditions. Another is based on observations of animals in naturalistic settings, which avoids artificial environments and unnatural stresses, but usually does not allow the measurement of physiological effects or the manipulation of relevant variables.
In real life situations, animals (including humans) have to cope with stresses generated during their interactions with other members of their own species, especially due to recurrent struggles over the control of limited resources, mates and social positions.
Social defeat is a source of chronic stress in animals and humans, capable of causing significant changes in behaviour, brain functioning, physiology, neurotransmitter and hormone levels, and health.
The social defeat approach originated from animal experiments, using the "resident-intruder" paradigm, in which an animal was placed in the cage of another animal or group of animals of the same species, in a manner that allowed a non-lethal conflict. It has been documented to produce anxiety-like and depressive-like behavioral declines in susceptible mice.
If animals are allowed to fight on a single occasion only, it is usually regarded as a model of acute stress; if they are allowed to fight on several occasions, on different days, consecutive or not, it is regarded as a model of chronic stress. After the defeat or in the interval between fights, the subordinate animal may also be exposed to threats from the dominant one, by having to stay in a cage or compartment beside or nearby the dominant, exposed to its visual or olfactory cues.