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Sponge city
Sponge city (Chinese: 海绵城市) is an urban planning model originated in China, first proposed by Kongjian Yu, that emphasizes the implementation of hydro-ecological infrastructure. Sponge cities focus on flood prevention and stormwater management via green infrastructure instead of purely relying on drainage systems. Urban flooding, water shortages, and the heat island effect can be alleviated by having more urban parks, gardens, green spaces, wetlands, nature strips, and permeable paving, which will both improve ecological biodiversity for urban wildlife and reduce flash floods by serving as reservoirs for capturing, retaining, and absorbing excess stormwater. This urban planning model has been accepted by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the State Council as a nationwide urban construction policy in 2014.
Sponge city design is a set of nature-based solutions that use natural landscapes to catch, store and clean water; the concept has been inspired by ancient wisdom of adaptation to climate challenges, particularly in the monsoon regions in southeastern China. According to Chinese authorities, "Sponge cities are part of a worldwide movement that goes by various names: 'green infrastructure' in Europe, 'low-impact development' (LID) in the United States, 'water-sensitive urban design' in Australia, 'natural infrastructure' in Peru, 'nature-based solutions' in Canada. However, sponge cities are often mixed up with these concepts, especially LID, but have major differences. Sponge cities use ecological and technical concepts whereas LID uses mostly technical concepts. Sponge city design assists in water quality, remediation, construction of habitats, and more beyond flood mitigation and stormwater regulation. Hydro-ecological infrastructure and nature is interconnected across cities and watersheds with the sponge city design. This model preserves and restores ecosystems, allowing aquatic ecosystems to live in tandem with humans. In contrast to industrial management, in which people confine water with levees, channels and asphalt and rush it off the land as quickly as possible, these newer approaches seek to restore water's natural tendency to linger in places like wetlands and floodplains."
Urbanization encourages the construction of grey infrastructure in cities. Excessive use and development of grey infrastructure can lead to water shortages, pollution, and overall degradation of water ecosystem services. Current urban architectural planning also creates a large number of buildings, simultaneously limiting cities' green space, drainage, and rainwater collection ability. Consequently, rainfall cannot meet modern cities' water requirements and causes cities lots of problems regarding water ecology and aquatic environments.
Meanwhile, high-intensity artificial constructions, such as buildings, roads, and public squares, lead to the lower pad's excessive hardening, changing the original natural foundation and hydrological characteristics. Because of this, surface flow increases from 10% to 60%, while infiltration is drastically reduced, even to zero. According to an investigation that the Ministry of Housing and Urban‑Rural Development conducted in 2010, 62% of 351 cities across the country faced flooding between 2008 and 2010; 137 cities flooded more than three times during this time period. This frequent urban flooding makes more and more people recognize the importance of water ecosystems and urban ecological infrastructure. The simple concept of fast discharge, a traditional gray water management model, is no longer helpful in addressing the rainwater dilemma during rapid urbanization. To cope with such extensive urban water issues, China is increasingly attaching importance to urban flood management and water ecological-system services and vigorously promoting the idea of Sponge City.[citation needed]
The People's Republic of China adopted the Sponge City initiative, largely motivated by the failure of the conventional grey infrastructure of flood control and stormwater management systems, due to the persistent efforts by Chinese ecological urbanists through letters and proposals sent to high level Chinese authorities since early 2000. Though the concept had been published and practiced since early 2000, it was the Beijing flood on July 21, 2012 which caused 79 deaths that prompted the top Chinese authorities to accept the Sponge City concept and make it a nationwide policy.
In 2015, China initiated a pilot initiative in 16 districts. In the years following, additional pilot district/cities were selected to continue implementing sponge city design. Four batches were selected by 2017, consisting of a total of 87 cities. The timeline for the sponge city pilot projects were as follows:
The country plans for 80 percent of its urban cities to harvest and reuse 70 percent of rainwater. Building sponge cities does not necessarily require large investments. But such a fact has been widely misunderstood due to misleading media and the fact that the "sponge city" has been more than often misused by local government and contractors, as well as unprofessional designers as a fashionable brand and slogan which has actually nothing to do with this nature based solution. The major obstacles of implementing the nature-based sponge city are the business-as-usual mentality of grey infrastructure engineering, ornamental gardening and conventional urban planning, as well as the code systems that have been established to defend these obsolete urbanism practices. Funding sponge cities has also been a challenge.
After achieving success in China, the sponge city model has attracted over-exposed climate zones such as Dhaka and Kenya, as well as major cities like Berlin and Los Angeles.
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Sponge city
Sponge city (Chinese: 海绵城市) is an urban planning model originated in China, first proposed by Kongjian Yu, that emphasizes the implementation of hydro-ecological infrastructure. Sponge cities focus on flood prevention and stormwater management via green infrastructure instead of purely relying on drainage systems. Urban flooding, water shortages, and the heat island effect can be alleviated by having more urban parks, gardens, green spaces, wetlands, nature strips, and permeable paving, which will both improve ecological biodiversity for urban wildlife and reduce flash floods by serving as reservoirs for capturing, retaining, and absorbing excess stormwater. This urban planning model has been accepted by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the State Council as a nationwide urban construction policy in 2014.
Sponge city design is a set of nature-based solutions that use natural landscapes to catch, store and clean water; the concept has been inspired by ancient wisdom of adaptation to climate challenges, particularly in the monsoon regions in southeastern China. According to Chinese authorities, "Sponge cities are part of a worldwide movement that goes by various names: 'green infrastructure' in Europe, 'low-impact development' (LID) in the United States, 'water-sensitive urban design' in Australia, 'natural infrastructure' in Peru, 'nature-based solutions' in Canada. However, sponge cities are often mixed up with these concepts, especially LID, but have major differences. Sponge cities use ecological and technical concepts whereas LID uses mostly technical concepts. Sponge city design assists in water quality, remediation, construction of habitats, and more beyond flood mitigation and stormwater regulation. Hydro-ecological infrastructure and nature is interconnected across cities and watersheds with the sponge city design. This model preserves and restores ecosystems, allowing aquatic ecosystems to live in tandem with humans. In contrast to industrial management, in which people confine water with levees, channels and asphalt and rush it off the land as quickly as possible, these newer approaches seek to restore water's natural tendency to linger in places like wetlands and floodplains."
Urbanization encourages the construction of grey infrastructure in cities. Excessive use and development of grey infrastructure can lead to water shortages, pollution, and overall degradation of water ecosystem services. Current urban architectural planning also creates a large number of buildings, simultaneously limiting cities' green space, drainage, and rainwater collection ability. Consequently, rainfall cannot meet modern cities' water requirements and causes cities lots of problems regarding water ecology and aquatic environments.
Meanwhile, high-intensity artificial constructions, such as buildings, roads, and public squares, lead to the lower pad's excessive hardening, changing the original natural foundation and hydrological characteristics. Because of this, surface flow increases from 10% to 60%, while infiltration is drastically reduced, even to zero. According to an investigation that the Ministry of Housing and Urban‑Rural Development conducted in 2010, 62% of 351 cities across the country faced flooding between 2008 and 2010; 137 cities flooded more than three times during this time period. This frequent urban flooding makes more and more people recognize the importance of water ecosystems and urban ecological infrastructure. The simple concept of fast discharge, a traditional gray water management model, is no longer helpful in addressing the rainwater dilemma during rapid urbanization. To cope with such extensive urban water issues, China is increasingly attaching importance to urban flood management and water ecological-system services and vigorously promoting the idea of Sponge City.[citation needed]
The People's Republic of China adopted the Sponge City initiative, largely motivated by the failure of the conventional grey infrastructure of flood control and stormwater management systems, due to the persistent efforts by Chinese ecological urbanists through letters and proposals sent to high level Chinese authorities since early 2000. Though the concept had been published and practiced since early 2000, it was the Beijing flood on July 21, 2012 which caused 79 deaths that prompted the top Chinese authorities to accept the Sponge City concept and make it a nationwide policy.
In 2015, China initiated a pilot initiative in 16 districts. In the years following, additional pilot district/cities were selected to continue implementing sponge city design. Four batches were selected by 2017, consisting of a total of 87 cities. The timeline for the sponge city pilot projects were as follows:
The country plans for 80 percent of its urban cities to harvest and reuse 70 percent of rainwater. Building sponge cities does not necessarily require large investments. But such a fact has been widely misunderstood due to misleading media and the fact that the "sponge city" has been more than often misused by local government and contractors, as well as unprofessional designers as a fashionable brand and slogan which has actually nothing to do with this nature based solution. The major obstacles of implementing the nature-based sponge city are the business-as-usual mentality of grey infrastructure engineering, ornamental gardening and conventional urban planning, as well as the code systems that have been established to defend these obsolete urbanism practices. Funding sponge cities has also been a challenge.
After achieving success in China, the sponge city model has attracted over-exposed climate zones such as Dhaka and Kenya, as well as major cities like Berlin and Los Angeles.
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