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Suleiman Frangieh
Suleiman Kabalan Frangieh (15 June 1910 – 23 July 1992) was a Lebanese politician who served as the 5th president of Lebanon from 1970 to 1976.
In 1957, Frangieh was personally implicated in the murder by machine gun of 20 members of the rivaling Douaihy clan. This forced him into exile, but he returned in 1958 due to an amnesty. In 1960, he was first elected to Parliament. During his presidency, he was perceived as a consensus candidate, and he tried to strike a balance between different ethnic and political groups after the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975. However, he also founded and led a personal militia, the Marada Movement. The related Marada Brigade was led by his son Tony Frangieh. These militias were right-wing and pro-Syrian, while the Marada Brigade has also been described as a mafia-style organisation.
Suleiman Frangieh was a scion of one of the leading Maronite families of Zgharta, near Tripoli; the family's name comes from the Greek Φρὰγκοι (pron. "Frangi"), after the Franks.
Frangieh was born in Zgharta on 15 June 1910. He was the second son of a politician, Kabalan Suleiman Frangieh. His mother was Lamia Raffoul. Kabalan Frangieh was district governor of Ehden (1908–1913) and a member of the Lebanese Parliament (1929–1932). His grandfather, Suleiman Ghnatios Frangieh, was district governor of Ehden (1904–1908). Suleiman Frangieh's brother Hamid served as foreign minister under the French mandate in 1939. Though the Frangieh family were landowners in Ottoman times, they might have acquired most of their wealth through trade and business activities.
Suleiman Frangieh received education at Antoura, near Beirut. He was also educated in Tripoli and Beirut.
Suleiman Frangieh dealt with the family's export-import business in Beirut for a time before his political career. In 1957, he was accused in the machine-gun slaying of more than 20 members of a competing clan, the Douaihys, in a church not far from Zgharta. More specifically, he was believed to be responsible for killing around 700 people, 20 of them Christians shot to death during a requiem mass in the north Lebanese town of Miziara. Therefore, he had to take refuge in the Syrian coastal city of Latakia, where he met with two Syrian army officers, Hafez and Rifaat Assad who would be his friends. In 1958, he benefited from the amnesty and returned to Lebanon.
In 1960, Frangieh was elected to his elder brother Hamid's old seat in the Lebanese Parliament. He also became the head of his clan due to Hamid's illness. Frangieh was reelected to the Parliament in 1964 and 1968. Until 1970, he held the following ministerial posts: minister of post, telegraph and telephone (1960–1961), minister of agriculture (1961), minister of interior (1968), minister of justice (1968–1969) and minister of economy (1968–1970).
In the closest and possibly most controversial presidential election in Lebanese history, the National Assembly elected Frangieh to the Presidency of the Republic on 23 September 1970. He owed his upset victory over Elias Sarkis, the official candidate of the Chehabi regime, to a last minute change of mind by Kamal Jumblatt, whose supporters in the Parliament switched their votes to Frangieh.[citation needed]
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Suleiman Frangieh
Suleiman Kabalan Frangieh (15 June 1910 – 23 July 1992) was a Lebanese politician who served as the 5th president of Lebanon from 1970 to 1976.
In 1957, Frangieh was personally implicated in the murder by machine gun of 20 members of the rivaling Douaihy clan. This forced him into exile, but he returned in 1958 due to an amnesty. In 1960, he was first elected to Parliament. During his presidency, he was perceived as a consensus candidate, and he tried to strike a balance between different ethnic and political groups after the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975. However, he also founded and led a personal militia, the Marada Movement. The related Marada Brigade was led by his son Tony Frangieh. These militias were right-wing and pro-Syrian, while the Marada Brigade has also been described as a mafia-style organisation.
Suleiman Frangieh was a scion of one of the leading Maronite families of Zgharta, near Tripoli; the family's name comes from the Greek Φρὰγκοι (pron. "Frangi"), after the Franks.
Frangieh was born in Zgharta on 15 June 1910. He was the second son of a politician, Kabalan Suleiman Frangieh. His mother was Lamia Raffoul. Kabalan Frangieh was district governor of Ehden (1908–1913) and a member of the Lebanese Parliament (1929–1932). His grandfather, Suleiman Ghnatios Frangieh, was district governor of Ehden (1904–1908). Suleiman Frangieh's brother Hamid served as foreign minister under the French mandate in 1939. Though the Frangieh family were landowners in Ottoman times, they might have acquired most of their wealth through trade and business activities.
Suleiman Frangieh received education at Antoura, near Beirut. He was also educated in Tripoli and Beirut.
Suleiman Frangieh dealt with the family's export-import business in Beirut for a time before his political career. In 1957, he was accused in the machine-gun slaying of more than 20 members of a competing clan, the Douaihys, in a church not far from Zgharta. More specifically, he was believed to be responsible for killing around 700 people, 20 of them Christians shot to death during a requiem mass in the north Lebanese town of Miziara. Therefore, he had to take refuge in the Syrian coastal city of Latakia, where he met with two Syrian army officers, Hafez and Rifaat Assad who would be his friends. In 1958, he benefited from the amnesty and returned to Lebanon.
In 1960, Frangieh was elected to his elder brother Hamid's old seat in the Lebanese Parliament. He also became the head of his clan due to Hamid's illness. Frangieh was reelected to the Parliament in 1964 and 1968. Until 1970, he held the following ministerial posts: minister of post, telegraph and telephone (1960–1961), minister of agriculture (1961), minister of interior (1968), minister of justice (1968–1969) and minister of economy (1968–1970).
In the closest and possibly most controversial presidential election in Lebanese history, the National Assembly elected Frangieh to the Presidency of the Republic on 23 September 1970. He owed his upset victory over Elias Sarkis, the official candidate of the Chehabi regime, to a last minute change of mind by Kamal Jumblatt, whose supporters in the Parliament switched their votes to Frangieh.[citation needed]
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