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Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi (1781–1866) was the Sheikh of the Qawasim and ruled the towns of Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah, Jazirah Al Hamra and Rams; all within the then Trucial States and now part of the United Arab Emirates. Briefly a dependent of the first Saudi Kingdom, his rule over Ras Al Khaimah ran from 1803 to 1809, when he was deposed by order of the Saudi Amir (in favour of Hassan bin Rahma Al Qasimi) and restored in 1820, going on to rule until his death in 1866 at the age of 85. He was Ruler of Sharjah from 1814 to 1866, with a brief disruption to that rule in 1840 by his elder son Saqr. He was a signatory to various treaties with the British, starting with the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 and culminating in the Perpetual Maritime Truce of 1853.
A characteristic of Sultan's rule is that he placed relatives as walis or headmen of the emirates under his rule and so Ras Al Khaimah was effectively ruled by Mohammed bin Saqr, Sultan's brother, from 1823 until his death in 1845, while another brother, Salih bin Saqr, ruled Sharjah until 1838, when he was replaced with Sultan's son, Saqr. In 1840, however, Saqr declared independence from his father and reduced the tax on pearl divers to bolster his support in the town. Sultan eventually agreed to accept tribute from Sharjah in return for allowing Saqr to rule, but in December that year, Salih bin Saqr and a group loyal to him surprised Saqr bin Sultan in his sleep and took him prisoner. Escaping, he was allowed to resume his position in Sharjah by his father until 1846, when he was killed in a fight with Umm Al Quwain. He was replaced by Abdullah bin Sultan who was, however, killed in fighting with Hamriyah in 1855.
With the death of Abdullah, Sultan placed his grandson, Muhammed bin Saqr, as wali of Sharjah. However, Khalid bin Sultan, a son of Sultan's, disputed his rule and in 1859, Sharjah was divided between the two. Sultan was by now in his dotage and took no active role in the conflict over Sharjah, which was eventually settled when Khalid shot Mohammed and threw his body into a well in the desert in late 1860.
Sultan bin Saqr became Sheikh of the Qawasim at a time when the tribe was at war with the Sultan of Muscat, who had laid claim to sovereignty of the coastal communities of the Southern Persian Gulf. A number of incidents took place involving British shipping, including the British appearing to support and be in co-operation with the Sultan. The Qawasim's aggressive reaction to the application of British force led to a number of attacks by Qawasim forces. In 1806, Sultan entered into a truce which led to a peace treaty with the British. This treaty, signed on 6 February 1806, called for the restitution of the 'Trimmer', a captured British ship, and bound the Qawasim to respect shipping flying the British flag. In return, Qawasim ships were to enjoy unfettered access to Indian ports.
Two years' peace in the Persian Gulf followed the signing of the treaty, allowing Sultan to focus his energies against his old enemy the Sultan of Muscat. In May 1808 he took Khor Fakkan from Muscat. However, soon after this victory, Sultan was removed as head of the Qawasim by the Saudi Amir and then as Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah the following year. Husain bin Ali, the Sheikh of Rams and Dhayah was appointed head wali, or tax collector, for the Saudis in Trucial Oman. At the same time, the Saudis took the forts of Fujairah, Al Bithnah and Khor Fakkan.
Sultan bin Saqr was held prisoner at the Al Saud capital of Diriyah, today a suburb of Riyadh, in 1809, having been ordered to attend the Saudi ruler there. He escaped and travelled via Yemen and Mokha to Muscat, where he was received by Saiyid Said, the Sultan of Oman.
An increase in attacks on British shipping in both the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean culminated in a demand, made by Husain bin Ali, that British ships pay tribute to the Qawasim. Alongside taking part in Saudi-led expeditions against other Gulf ports, the Qawasim were in conflict with the Persians as well as the Sultan of Muscat and still attacking British shipping. It was decided to mount an expedition to support the Sultan as well as to bring down the Qawasim.
The Persian Gulf campaign of 1809 commenced with the arrival of the British fleet off Ras Al Khaimah on 11 November 1809, bombarding the town the next day. After an abortive landing attempt took place on the 12 November, the British took Lingeh and Luft before taking Khor Fakkan for the Sultan of Muscat and then proceeding to Rams, Jazirah Al Hamrah, Ajman and Sharjah.
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Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi (1781–1866) was the Sheikh of the Qawasim and ruled the towns of Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah, Jazirah Al Hamra and Rams; all within the then Trucial States and now part of the United Arab Emirates. Briefly a dependent of the first Saudi Kingdom, his rule over Ras Al Khaimah ran from 1803 to 1809, when he was deposed by order of the Saudi Amir (in favour of Hassan bin Rahma Al Qasimi) and restored in 1820, going on to rule until his death in 1866 at the age of 85. He was Ruler of Sharjah from 1814 to 1866, with a brief disruption to that rule in 1840 by his elder son Saqr. He was a signatory to various treaties with the British, starting with the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 and culminating in the Perpetual Maritime Truce of 1853.
A characteristic of Sultan's rule is that he placed relatives as walis or headmen of the emirates under his rule and so Ras Al Khaimah was effectively ruled by Mohammed bin Saqr, Sultan's brother, from 1823 until his death in 1845, while another brother, Salih bin Saqr, ruled Sharjah until 1838, when he was replaced with Sultan's son, Saqr. In 1840, however, Saqr declared independence from his father and reduced the tax on pearl divers to bolster his support in the town. Sultan eventually agreed to accept tribute from Sharjah in return for allowing Saqr to rule, but in December that year, Salih bin Saqr and a group loyal to him surprised Saqr bin Sultan in his sleep and took him prisoner. Escaping, he was allowed to resume his position in Sharjah by his father until 1846, when he was killed in a fight with Umm Al Quwain. He was replaced by Abdullah bin Sultan who was, however, killed in fighting with Hamriyah in 1855.
With the death of Abdullah, Sultan placed his grandson, Muhammed bin Saqr, as wali of Sharjah. However, Khalid bin Sultan, a son of Sultan's, disputed his rule and in 1859, Sharjah was divided between the two. Sultan was by now in his dotage and took no active role in the conflict over Sharjah, which was eventually settled when Khalid shot Mohammed and threw his body into a well in the desert in late 1860.
Sultan bin Saqr became Sheikh of the Qawasim at a time when the tribe was at war with the Sultan of Muscat, who had laid claim to sovereignty of the coastal communities of the Southern Persian Gulf. A number of incidents took place involving British shipping, including the British appearing to support and be in co-operation with the Sultan. The Qawasim's aggressive reaction to the application of British force led to a number of attacks by Qawasim forces. In 1806, Sultan entered into a truce which led to a peace treaty with the British. This treaty, signed on 6 February 1806, called for the restitution of the 'Trimmer', a captured British ship, and bound the Qawasim to respect shipping flying the British flag. In return, Qawasim ships were to enjoy unfettered access to Indian ports.
Two years' peace in the Persian Gulf followed the signing of the treaty, allowing Sultan to focus his energies against his old enemy the Sultan of Muscat. In May 1808 he took Khor Fakkan from Muscat. However, soon after this victory, Sultan was removed as head of the Qawasim by the Saudi Amir and then as Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah the following year. Husain bin Ali, the Sheikh of Rams and Dhayah was appointed head wali, or tax collector, for the Saudis in Trucial Oman. At the same time, the Saudis took the forts of Fujairah, Al Bithnah and Khor Fakkan.
Sultan bin Saqr was held prisoner at the Al Saud capital of Diriyah, today a suburb of Riyadh, in 1809, having been ordered to attend the Saudi ruler there. He escaped and travelled via Yemen and Mokha to Muscat, where he was received by Saiyid Said, the Sultan of Oman.
An increase in attacks on British shipping in both the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean culminated in a demand, made by Husain bin Ali, that British ships pay tribute to the Qawasim. Alongside taking part in Saudi-led expeditions against other Gulf ports, the Qawasim were in conflict with the Persians as well as the Sultan of Muscat and still attacking British shipping. It was decided to mount an expedition to support the Sultan as well as to bring down the Qawasim.
The Persian Gulf campaign of 1809 commenced with the arrival of the British fleet off Ras Al Khaimah on 11 November 1809, bombarding the town the next day. After an abortive landing attempt took place on the 12 November, the British took Lingeh and Luft before taking Khor Fakkan for the Sultan of Muscat and then proceeding to Rams, Jazirah Al Hamrah, Ajman and Sharjah.