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Synapsin I
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Synapsin I
Synapsin I, is the collective name for Synapsin Ia and Synapsin Ib, two nearly identical phosphoproteins that in humans are encoded by the SYN1 gene. In its phosphorylated form, Synapsin I may also be referred to as phosphosynaspin I. Synapsin I is the first of the proteins in the synapsin family of phosphoproteins in the synaptic vesicles present in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Synapsin Ia and Ib are close in length and almost the same in make up, however, Synapsin Ib stops short of the last segment of the C-terminal in the amino acid sequence found in Synapsin Ia.
The synapsin I protein is a member of the synapsin family that are neuronal phosphoproteins which associate with the cytoplasmic surface of synaptic vesicles. Family members are characterized by common protein domains, and they are implicated in synaptogenesis and the modulation of neurotransmitter release, suggesting a potential role in several neuropsychiatric diseases.[citation needed]
The phosphoprotein plays a role in regulation of axonogenesis and synaptogenesis. The protein serves as a substrate for several different protein kinases and phosphorylation may function in the regulation of this protein in the nerve terminal.
Synapsin I is found in two isoforms of the protein, Synapsin Ia and Synapsin Ib, with Synapsin Ib being a slightly shorter version of the protein. Both Synapsin I proteins are highly basic with a pI in the range of 10.3 and 10.2, respectively. Both isoforms are phosphorylated at identical locations within their protein sequences at the same three serine residues.[citation needed]
Synapsin I phosphoproteins make up approximately 6% of the total protein in synaptic vesicles. Among bovine, rat, and human it has been shown to be 95% homologous, with the central 'C' domain evolutionarily conserved. This phosphoprotein is loosely associated with the vesicular membrance and is easily dissociated by treatment with a salt, versus a detergent being required for its removal from the membrane.[citation needed]
Synapsin I proteins are made up of a globular portion at the N-terminal and an elongated C-terminal domain, rendering them largely elongated. Synapsin Ib has the same protein domains as synapsin Ia, however synapsin Ib lacks the last C-terminal segment, making it slightly shorter in its elongated domain. 706 amino acids comprise synapsin Ia, and starting from the N-terminal, the same first 670 amino acids comprise synapsin Ib.
Rich in the amino acids proline and glycine, the compositional and structural natures of this protein are somewhat similar to collagen. This aided in the early determination of its structure using collagenase, which was later confirmed by amino acid sequencing and modern techniques. Cleavage of synapsin I by collagenase fragments the elongated C-terminal and leaves the globular N-terminal domain intact.
Amino acid sequencing has shown that synapsin I has common N-terminals across both isoforms and shares the same N-terminal as synapsin II. Synapsin I isoforms differ from synapsin II isoforms in their C-terminal domains as well. Further research has been done on the interactions of synapsin I, synapsin II, and synapsin III with each other to create heterodimers of the proteins in COS cells.
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Synapsin I
Synapsin I, is the collective name for Synapsin Ia and Synapsin Ib, two nearly identical phosphoproteins that in humans are encoded by the SYN1 gene. In its phosphorylated form, Synapsin I may also be referred to as phosphosynaspin I. Synapsin I is the first of the proteins in the synapsin family of phosphoproteins in the synaptic vesicles present in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Synapsin Ia and Ib are close in length and almost the same in make up, however, Synapsin Ib stops short of the last segment of the C-terminal in the amino acid sequence found in Synapsin Ia.
The synapsin I protein is a member of the synapsin family that are neuronal phosphoproteins which associate with the cytoplasmic surface of synaptic vesicles. Family members are characterized by common protein domains, and they are implicated in synaptogenesis and the modulation of neurotransmitter release, suggesting a potential role in several neuropsychiatric diseases.[citation needed]
The phosphoprotein plays a role in regulation of axonogenesis and synaptogenesis. The protein serves as a substrate for several different protein kinases and phosphorylation may function in the regulation of this protein in the nerve terminal.
Synapsin I is found in two isoforms of the protein, Synapsin Ia and Synapsin Ib, with Synapsin Ib being a slightly shorter version of the protein. Both Synapsin I proteins are highly basic with a pI in the range of 10.3 and 10.2, respectively. Both isoforms are phosphorylated at identical locations within their protein sequences at the same three serine residues.[citation needed]
Synapsin I phosphoproteins make up approximately 6% of the total protein in synaptic vesicles. Among bovine, rat, and human it has been shown to be 95% homologous, with the central 'C' domain evolutionarily conserved. This phosphoprotein is loosely associated with the vesicular membrance and is easily dissociated by treatment with a salt, versus a detergent being required for its removal from the membrane.[citation needed]
Synapsin I proteins are made up of a globular portion at the N-terminal and an elongated C-terminal domain, rendering them largely elongated. Synapsin Ib has the same protein domains as synapsin Ia, however synapsin Ib lacks the last C-terminal segment, making it slightly shorter in its elongated domain. 706 amino acids comprise synapsin Ia, and starting from the N-terminal, the same first 670 amino acids comprise synapsin Ib.
Rich in the amino acids proline and glycine, the compositional and structural natures of this protein are somewhat similar to collagen. This aided in the early determination of its structure using collagenase, which was later confirmed by amino acid sequencing and modern techniques. Cleavage of synapsin I by collagenase fragments the elongated C-terminal and leaves the globular N-terminal domain intact.
Amino acid sequencing has shown that synapsin I has common N-terminals across both isoforms and shares the same N-terminal as synapsin II. Synapsin I isoforms differ from synapsin II isoforms in their C-terminal domains as well. Further research has been done on the interactions of synapsin I, synapsin II, and synapsin III with each other to create heterodimers of the proteins in COS cells.
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