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Tatars in Bulgaria
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Tatars in Bulgaria
Tatars in Bulgaria are in majority Crimean Tatar, but also Nogai Tatar minorities in Bulgaria.
After 1241, the year of the earliest recorded Tatar invasion of Bulgaria, the Second Bulgarian Empire maintained constant political contact with the Tatars. In this early period (13th and 14th century), "Tatar" was not an ethnonym but a general term for the armies of Genghis Khan’s successors.[citation needed] The first Tatar settlements in Bulgaria may be dated to the late 13th and early 14th centuries, when military units persecuted in the wake of dynastic feuds in the Golden Horde defected to Bulgarian rulers (Pavlov, 1997).
From the late 14th to the late 15th century, several groups of Tatars settled in Ottoman-ruled Bulgaria for various reasons. The settlers, probably nomads, eventually adopted a sedentary way of life and, in some areas, survived as compact communities for more than two centuries. The records show that the Tatars were inclined to raid villages and resist authority, and were therefore resettled in Thrace, where the native population was also restive. The Tatars were assigned special messenger and military missions and were incorporated into the Ottoman military administration. This fact, along with their small number, the closeness between the Tatar and Ottoman Turkish language, and the common religion, led to the eventual loss of group Tatar identity.
Unlike the situation in Thrace, the ethnic composition of Dobruja attests to the existence of a large Tatar community from the 15th to the 20th century. The Ottoman conquest of Bessarabia created conditions for the constant migration of Tatars from the northern Black Sea region to Dobruja in the 1530s and 1540s.
The 18th century saw the beginning of a radical change in the ethnic composition of the northern Black Sea region as a result of Russian invasions. Between 1783, when the Crimean Khanate was annexed to the Russian Empire, and 1874, there were several waves of emigration from the Crimea and Kuban, and a considerable number of Crimean Tatars settled in the Bulgarian lands. The Tatars who live in Bulgaria today are descended from those immigrants, who kept their identity.
The largest wave of emigration was during and after the Crimean War (1853–1856). Of the approximately 230,000 Tatars who emigrated from 1854 to 1862, about 60,000 settled in Bulgarian territory (Romanski, 1917, p. 266), mostly in Dobruja, on the Danube plain and in the Vidin region. The mass settlement of Tatars on Bulgarian lands led to the establishment of relations between Bulgarians and Tatars. Unlike in the case of Circassians, the Bulgarian National Revival did not disapprove of the settlement of Tatars.
The Tatars themselves were in a state of ethno-psychological shock but succeeded in adapting to their changed circumstances. This first period in the modern history of the Tatars of Bulgaria (until 1878) was characterized by economic and environmental adjustment to the new realities and the consolidation of all Kipchak-speaking refugees.
The development of the Tatar group and its identity after Bulgaria's 1878 liberation was determined by political factors. On the one hand, the host country changed. Having settled in the Ottoman Empire, the Tatars, who had not changed their ethnic and ecological environment, suddenly found themselves in another political entity - Bulgaria, a state that differed greatly from its predecessor. This came as another ethno-psychological shock to the Tatars and prompted a new wave of emigration. Even those who remained in Bulgaria - about 18,000 people, most of them in the areas with Turkish populations in northeastern Bulgaria - found it hard to achieve a balance, and many of them eventually emigrated to Turkey.
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Tatars in Bulgaria
Tatars in Bulgaria are in majority Crimean Tatar, but also Nogai Tatar minorities in Bulgaria.
After 1241, the year of the earliest recorded Tatar invasion of Bulgaria, the Second Bulgarian Empire maintained constant political contact with the Tatars. In this early period (13th and 14th century), "Tatar" was not an ethnonym but a general term for the armies of Genghis Khan’s successors.[citation needed] The first Tatar settlements in Bulgaria may be dated to the late 13th and early 14th centuries, when military units persecuted in the wake of dynastic feuds in the Golden Horde defected to Bulgarian rulers (Pavlov, 1997).
From the late 14th to the late 15th century, several groups of Tatars settled in Ottoman-ruled Bulgaria for various reasons. The settlers, probably nomads, eventually adopted a sedentary way of life and, in some areas, survived as compact communities for more than two centuries. The records show that the Tatars were inclined to raid villages and resist authority, and were therefore resettled in Thrace, where the native population was also restive. The Tatars were assigned special messenger and military missions and were incorporated into the Ottoman military administration. This fact, along with their small number, the closeness between the Tatar and Ottoman Turkish language, and the common religion, led to the eventual loss of group Tatar identity.
Unlike the situation in Thrace, the ethnic composition of Dobruja attests to the existence of a large Tatar community from the 15th to the 20th century. The Ottoman conquest of Bessarabia created conditions for the constant migration of Tatars from the northern Black Sea region to Dobruja in the 1530s and 1540s.
The 18th century saw the beginning of a radical change in the ethnic composition of the northern Black Sea region as a result of Russian invasions. Between 1783, when the Crimean Khanate was annexed to the Russian Empire, and 1874, there were several waves of emigration from the Crimea and Kuban, and a considerable number of Crimean Tatars settled in the Bulgarian lands. The Tatars who live in Bulgaria today are descended from those immigrants, who kept their identity.
The largest wave of emigration was during and after the Crimean War (1853–1856). Of the approximately 230,000 Tatars who emigrated from 1854 to 1862, about 60,000 settled in Bulgarian territory (Romanski, 1917, p. 266), mostly in Dobruja, on the Danube plain and in the Vidin region. The mass settlement of Tatars on Bulgarian lands led to the establishment of relations between Bulgarians and Tatars. Unlike in the case of Circassians, the Bulgarian National Revival did not disapprove of the settlement of Tatars.
The Tatars themselves were in a state of ethno-psychological shock but succeeded in adapting to their changed circumstances. This first period in the modern history of the Tatars of Bulgaria (until 1878) was characterized by economic and environmental adjustment to the new realities and the consolidation of all Kipchak-speaking refugees.
The development of the Tatar group and its identity after Bulgaria's 1878 liberation was determined by political factors. On the one hand, the host country changed. Having settled in the Ottoman Empire, the Tatars, who had not changed their ethnic and ecological environment, suddenly found themselves in another political entity - Bulgaria, a state that differed greatly from its predecessor. This came as another ethno-psychological shock to the Tatars and prompted a new wave of emigration. Even those who remained in Bulgaria - about 18,000 people, most of them in the areas with Turkish populations in northeastern Bulgaria - found it hard to achieve a balance, and many of them eventually emigrated to Turkey.
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