The thenar eminence is the mound formed at the base of the thumb on the palm of the hand by the intrinsic group of muscles of the thumb. The skin overlying this region is the area stimulated when trying to elicit a palmomental reflex. The word thenar comes from Ancient Greek θέναρ (thenar) 'palm of the hand'.

The following three muscles are considered part of the thenar eminence:

Another muscle that controls movement of the thumb is adductor pollicis. It lies deeper and more distal to flexor pollicis brevis. Despite the name, adductor pollicis is chiefly responsible for rotation and opposition. This muscle is not in the thenar group of muscles, and is supplied by the ulnar nerve instead.

The opponens pollicis and abductor pollicis brevis are normally innervated by the recurrent branch of the median nerve.

The flexor pollicis brevis has two heads: a superficial and a deep head. The superficial head is usually innervated by the recurrent branch of the median nerve. The deep part is often innervated by the deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8 and T1 roots).

There are normal variations. In a Cannieu-Riche anastomosis, fibers from the deep branch of ulnar nerve innervate the opponens pollicis and/or abductor pollicis brevis. Regardless of their final innervation, the nerves that reach the thenar muscles arise from the C8 and T1 roots, pass through the lower trunk of the brachial plexus, and then through the medial cord of the plexus.^{[citation needed]}

The adductor pollicis is typically innervated by the ulnar nerve.

The ulnar nerve is exclusively responsible for the innervations of the hypothenar eminence. Both nerves contribute to the innervations of the midpalmar group.