Thomas Jefferson was born at Shadwell plantation in Goochland County, Virginia (later Albemarle County). He was the third of ten children born to Peter Jefferson, a planter and surveyor, and Jane Randolph Jefferson, who came from one of Virginia's most distinguished families. His birth placed him within the Virginia gentry and afforded him opportunities for education and social advancement that shaped his future.

Jefferson attended the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. There, he studied under Professor William Small, who introduced him to science, philosophy, and the works of Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke and Isaac Newton. These intellectual influences profoundly shaped Jefferson's political philosophy and his belief in natural rights and reason.

After studying law, Jefferson practiced as a lawyer in Virginia. Simultaneously, he entered Virginia politics, serving in the House of Burgesses. His legal practice and early political career provided him with a deep understanding of colonial grievances against British rule and honed his skills in argumentation and legislative drafting.

As a delegate to the Second Continental Congress, Jefferson was tasked with drafting the Declaration of Independence. His eloquent articulation of natural rights, government by consent, and the right to revolution became a cornerstone of American political thought and a powerful statement of colonial grievances. It solidified his place as a leading revolutionary figure.

Jefferson served as Governor of Virginia during a tumultuous period of the Revolutionary War. He faced challenges in defending the state against British incursions, including a near capture by British forces. While his governorship was marked by some criticism for his handling of the war effort, the experience provided him with valuable insight into the practical challenges of governing during a time of crisis.

Jefferson served as the United States Minister to France, succeeding Benjamin Franklin. He observed the burgeoning French Revolution firsthand, gaining a deep appreciation for its ideals while also recognizing its potential for violence and instability. His time in France broadened his understanding of European politics and culture and shaped his views on international relations.

Appointed by President George Washington as the first Secretary of State, Jefferson clashed with Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury, over economic and foreign policy. Jefferson advocated for a strict interpretation of the Constitution and an agrarian-based economy, while Hamilton favored a stronger federal government and industrial development. These disagreements led to the formation of the first political parties in the United States: the Democratic-Republicans (led by Jefferson) and the Federalists (led by Hamilton).

Jefferson served two terms as the third President of the United States. Notable achievements during his presidency include the Louisiana Purchase (1803), which doubled the size of the United States and secured control of the Mississippi River, and the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806), which explored the newly acquired territory. He also faced challenges, such as the Embargo Act of 1807, which aimed to avoid war with Britain and France but severely damaged the American economy.

In his retirement, Jefferson dedicated himself to establishing the University of Virginia, which he envisioned as a center for higher learning that would promote republican values and civic engagement. He designed the university's buildings, curriculum, and governance structure, reflecting his belief in the importance of education for a democratic society. He considered this one of his greatest achievements.

Thomas Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. He passed away at his beloved Monticello estate, just hours before John Adams, his friend and political rival, also died. His death marked the end of an era and solidified his legacy as one of the most influential figures in American history.