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Tulu Nadu
Tulu Nadu or Tulunad is a region and proposed state on the southwestern coast of India. The Tulu people, also known as 'Tuluva', speak Tulu, a Dravidian language. Tulu people are the predominant ethnic group of the region, a former district, encompasses the territories of the contemporary Dakshina Kannada (Kudla), Udupi (Odipu) of Karnataka State and Kasaragod district (Kasrod) of Kerala state. These areas collectively form the cultural region of the Tuluver.
Historically, Tulu Nadu lies between the Gangavalli River (Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka) and Chandragiri/Payaswini River (Kasaragod district of Kerala). Currently, Tulu Nadu consists of the Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka state and Kasaragod district of Kerala state. Despite its distinct cultural identity, the region is not recognized as an official administrative entity.
Kudla (Mangaluru) is the largest city in Tulu Nadu. It is also the third-largest city by area and the fifth-largest by population in Karnataka. Udupi (Odipu) and Kasarogod (Kasrod) are two other major cities in this region, both located on the Kerala-Karnataka border.
The term "Tulunadu" appears as "Tuḷu Nāṭṭu" in Akananuru, a classical Tamil poetic work that is part of the "Eight Anthologies" (Ettuthokai) — a collection of Sangam literature composed over 2000 years ago.
According to Keralolpathi, the name Tuluva comes from the name of one of the Cheraman Perumal kings of Kerala, who located their residence in the northern portion of their dominions just before its separation from Kerala, and who was called Tulubhan Perumal.
According to its foundation narrative, the district was reclaimed by Parashurama from the sea. According to the 17th-century Malayalam work Keralolpathi, the lands of Kerala and Tulu Nadu were recovered from the Arabian Sea by the ax-wielding warrior sage Lord Parashurama, the sixth avatar of Lord Vishnu (hence, Kerala is also called Parasurama Kshetram, 'The Land of Parasurama'). Parasurama threw his ax across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached. According to legend, this new area of land extended from Gokarna to Kanyakumari. The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation; so Parashurama invoked the Snake King Nagaraja Vasuki, who spat holy poison known as Halahala and converted the soil into fertile lush green land. Out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land. P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar theorised that Cheran Senguttuvan may have been inspired by the Parashurama legend, which was brought by early Aryan settlers.
According to the works of Sangam literature (300 BCE – 300 CE), Tulu Nadu was one of the 12 socio-geographical regions included in the ancient Tamilakam. Tulu Nadu likely formed part of ancient Kerala (Chera dynasty), where the western coastal dialect of Middle Tamil was spoken. It must have separated from Tamilakam sometime between 300 CE and 500 CE, when the Kadambas invaded the northern portions of Chera kingdom. No definite historical records relating to Tulu Nadu, other than those found in Sangam literature, have been discovered of an earlier date than 8th or 9th century CE.
Ptolemy, a Greco-Roman 2nd-century geographer, identifies the Tulu Nadu region as Olokhoira which is widely believed to be a corruption of the term AlvaKheda, "the land of the Alvas".[2] Historically, Tulu Nadu included the two separate lands of Haiva and Tuluva. The longest-ruling and oldest known native dynasty of Tulu Nadu was that of the Alupas (c. 5th – 14th century CE). Their kingdom was also known as Alvakheda. They initially ruled independently and later were the feudatories of the prominent dynasties. The Kadamba dynasty of Banavasi was the earliest, under which the Alupas flourished. Later, the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, Chalukyas of Badami, Chalukyas of Kalyani, Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra (Halebidu), and Rayas of Vijayanagara were the overlords. The Alupas, however, were independent, and their subordination was nominal at best. They ruled until the Vijayanagara Empire took control of Tulu Nadu from 14th to the 17th centuries.
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Tulu Nadu
Tulu Nadu or Tulunad is a region and proposed state on the southwestern coast of India. The Tulu people, also known as 'Tuluva', speak Tulu, a Dravidian language. Tulu people are the predominant ethnic group of the region, a former district, encompasses the territories of the contemporary Dakshina Kannada (Kudla), Udupi (Odipu) of Karnataka State and Kasaragod district (Kasrod) of Kerala state. These areas collectively form the cultural region of the Tuluver.
Historically, Tulu Nadu lies between the Gangavalli River (Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka) and Chandragiri/Payaswini River (Kasaragod district of Kerala). Currently, Tulu Nadu consists of the Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka state and Kasaragod district of Kerala state. Despite its distinct cultural identity, the region is not recognized as an official administrative entity.
Kudla (Mangaluru) is the largest city in Tulu Nadu. It is also the third-largest city by area and the fifth-largest by population in Karnataka. Udupi (Odipu) and Kasarogod (Kasrod) are two other major cities in this region, both located on the Kerala-Karnataka border.
The term "Tulunadu" appears as "Tuḷu Nāṭṭu" in Akananuru, a classical Tamil poetic work that is part of the "Eight Anthologies" (Ettuthokai) — a collection of Sangam literature composed over 2000 years ago.
According to Keralolpathi, the name Tuluva comes from the name of one of the Cheraman Perumal kings of Kerala, who located their residence in the northern portion of their dominions just before its separation from Kerala, and who was called Tulubhan Perumal.
According to its foundation narrative, the district was reclaimed by Parashurama from the sea. According to the 17th-century Malayalam work Keralolpathi, the lands of Kerala and Tulu Nadu were recovered from the Arabian Sea by the ax-wielding warrior sage Lord Parashurama, the sixth avatar of Lord Vishnu (hence, Kerala is also called Parasurama Kshetram, 'The Land of Parasurama'). Parasurama threw his ax across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached. According to legend, this new area of land extended from Gokarna to Kanyakumari. The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation; so Parashurama invoked the Snake King Nagaraja Vasuki, who spat holy poison known as Halahala and converted the soil into fertile lush green land. Out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land. P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar theorised that Cheran Senguttuvan may have been inspired by the Parashurama legend, which was brought by early Aryan settlers.
According to the works of Sangam literature (300 BCE – 300 CE), Tulu Nadu was one of the 12 socio-geographical regions included in the ancient Tamilakam. Tulu Nadu likely formed part of ancient Kerala (Chera dynasty), where the western coastal dialect of Middle Tamil was spoken. It must have separated from Tamilakam sometime between 300 CE and 500 CE, when the Kadambas invaded the northern portions of Chera kingdom. No definite historical records relating to Tulu Nadu, other than those found in Sangam literature, have been discovered of an earlier date than 8th or 9th century CE.
Ptolemy, a Greco-Roman 2nd-century geographer, identifies the Tulu Nadu region as Olokhoira which is widely believed to be a corruption of the term AlvaKheda, "the land of the Alvas".[2] Historically, Tulu Nadu included the two separate lands of Haiva and Tuluva. The longest-ruling and oldest known native dynasty of Tulu Nadu was that of the Alupas (c. 5th – 14th century CE). Their kingdom was also known as Alvakheda. They initially ruled independently and later were the feudatories of the prominent dynasties. The Kadamba dynasty of Banavasi was the earliest, under which the Alupas flourished. Later, the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, Chalukyas of Badami, Chalukyas of Kalyani, Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra (Halebidu), and Rayas of Vijayanagara were the overlords. The Alupas, however, were independent, and their subordination was nominal at best. They ruled until the Vijayanagara Empire took control of Tulu Nadu from 14th to the 17th centuries.