The Turkestan Autonomy or Kokand Autonomy was a short-lived polity in Central Asia that existed from November 27, 1917, to February 22, 1918. The Autonomy was based in the city of Kokand, and claimed to be the legitimate government of Russian Turkestan, serving as an autonomous government under the Russian Democratic Federative Republic.

The Turkestan Autonomy was founded on November 27, 1917, after the European-led Tashkent Soviet expelled the Russian Provisional Government from the region. The Soviet did not allow Muslims to serve in leadership roles, sparking opposition from the Turkestani intelligentsia and population who broadly sought national autonomy. The government enjoyed support from a majority of the population, successfully holding rallies across the regions in the thousands during which funds were collected, but lacked the ability to effectively govern the region. It was unable to tax the population, establish a military capable of defending the country, or form regional alliances. Despite the Autonomy's claims of authority, the Tashkent Soviet also exercised its power over the region, effectively creating a dual power structure. In February, the Autonomy and allied forces seized Soviet buildings in Kokand, which the Soviet government responded to with force. Negotiations between the Soviet and Autonomy caused a rift in the government between the cabinet and anti-Soviet hardliners, the latter of whom staged a coup against the government and refused to compromise with the Soviet. The Soviet then shelled and invaded the city, causing the Autonomy's disorganized defense to quickly collapse. On February 22, 1918, a delegation from the city officially surrendered to the Soviet.

The Autonomy was led by a provisional government, who were to serve until a constituent assembly was held to determine the final political form of the region. It functioned as a parliamentary republic, where the 12 member Turkestan Provisional Council was subservient to the 52 member Turkestan People's Assembly. The government apportioned seats in the Assembly according to national representation, with a significant percentage of seats in both bodies going to ethnic Russians.

In the 1860s and 70s, the Russian Empire conquered Central Asia. Russian Turkestan was established as an effective colony, and its native inhabitants were deemed inorodtsy, a separate legal and social group to ethnic Russians. Large numbers of Russian settlers moved into the region, creating 'new cities' outside of major urban areas, where they lived generally separately from the native population. After the February Revolution in 1917, the colonial order was ended by the Russian Provisional Government, which instituted a wave of reforms including the end of distinction of citizens based on class, religion, sex, or ethnicity.

In Turkestan, the revolution caused an explosion in the activities of the intelligentsia. Several Turkestani organizations were founded, including the Shuroi Islomiyasi (lit. 'Muslim Council'), an umbrella group for Turkestani organizations mostly composed of progressive Jadids, and the Ulamo Jamiyati (lit. 'Society of Ulama'), a conservative anti-reformist organization that promoted fully replacing Russian law with Sharia. With the end of the Empire, these groups and intellectuals questioned what form the region would take. Proposals for national autonomy were increasingly raised, influenced by the programs of Russia's democratic parties and previous national liberation struggles. While some advocated for complete independence or maintaining the status-quo, by autumn the autonomist movement had become the most dominant force Turkestan's regional politics.

In the wake of the revolution, the Provisional Government attempted to maintain control over Turkestan. However, the recently formed Tashkent Soviet of Soldiers' and Workers' deputies, an organization led exclusively by Russian settlers, took an oppositional stance to the government. By March, they had begun slowly assuming power over Tashkent In autumn the Soviet launched an insurrection against the government forces, and seized control of the city by November 14. The Soviet became the effective government of Tashkent, and the Provisional Government's influence over the region collapsed. The Third Regional Congress of Soviets was held in mid-November during this power vacuum, during which it declared Turkestan under Soviet rule and created a governing Sovnarkom, but did not address autonomy or consider the needs of the native population.

After the collapse of the Provisional Government, the Ulamo Jamiyati organized the Third Congress of Central Asian Muslims concurrent to the Soviet congress. The congress resolved that the European-led Soviet was unfit to govern a Muslim society they knew little about, though regardless a coalition government should be formed with it until the Russian Constituent Assembly. However, Fyodor Kolesov, president of the Sovnarkom, firmly rejected the offer, stating that "the inclusion of Muslims in the organ of supreme regional power is unacceptable at the present time".

The Sovnarkom's rejection of a joint government and its unpopularity among Turkestan's native population prompted a large coalition of Central Asians to quickly organize the Fourth Extraordinary All-Muslim Regional Congress in Kokand, well before the Constituent Assembly was held. Kokand held a headquarters of Shuroi Islomiya, and was the largest commercial center not under the control of the Tashkent Soviet. A postal strike led many members of the council to not receive their invitations, though some found out through local newspapers or were able to mail their opinions to the congress as it was held. On November 25, 1917, a preliminary meeting was held to decide the agenda, and the congress officially opened noon the next day. The congress was made of approximately 250 people, including almost all major Muslim political figures in the region, regional soviets, and the regional Jewish association. The only major group not present was the ulama of the Ulamo Jamiyati.