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Umma Khan V
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Umma Khan V
Umma Khan V (Omar Khan) Avar nicknamed Great or Mad (Avar: Кӏудияв Гӏумахан; 1761 or 1762, Khunzakh – March 22, 1801, Balaken) — Avar nutsal, ruler of Avar Khanate from 1774 to 1801. Under Khan, the Avar Khanate expanded its borders both by subordinating the Avar free societies, and at the expense of neighboring territories. Khan was paid tributes by the Georgian king Erekle II, Derbent, Quba, Baku, Shirvan, Shaki khans and Akhaltsikhe pasha.
He was born in 1761, Avar village of Khunzakh to Muhammad IV, khan of Avars and his wife Bakha, daughter of Ahmad Khan, Utsmi of Kaitags. He had three full sisters and a half-brother named Gebek. His father Muhammad was a rival of Fatali Khan of Quba. He marched on Shamakhi in alliance with Aghasi Khan in 1774, however was forced to negotiate when Aghasi was routed. However he was killed by Akushans, Dargin allies of Fatali Khan. Umma inherited the rulership of the khanate when he was just 12.
The strengthening of power and the expansion of the sphere of influence of Fatali Khan already alarmed the neighboring rulers. In the first year of his reign, Umma Khan tried to forge an anti-Quba alliance with other Dagestani and Caucasian feudal lords. He married his sister Bakhtika to Ibrahim Khalil Khan of Karabakh to forge an alliance. The Dagestani coalition of rulers included Kaitag utsmi Amir Hamza (also, Umma's uncle), ruler of Mehtuli khanate – Ali-Sultan, Ghāzī Rustam of Tabasaran, Tishsiz Muhammad (Muhammad the Toothless) - head of Kazanishche Kumyks; they were also joined by the Kumyks of Endirey, Kostek and others.
Having gathered a 4,000-strong army, coalition was led by Amir Hamza who marched into Quba but retreated north where he was ambushed by Fatali's armies. Nevertheless, coalition defeated Fath Ali's army of 8,000 in the battle of Gavdushan, near the city of Khudat in July 1774 and forced him to flee to Salyan.
After some time, at the request of the Akhty people, in the autumn of 1782, Umma Khan made a new campaign against Fatali Khan, devastated villages of Quba, and returned to his possessions.
Meanwhile, the intensification of Russian presence in Dagestan caused dissatisfaction in Sublime Porte, which decided to take retaliatory measures. The sultan sent Umma Khan a "salary" of 500 piastres and promised him, upon raiding Georgia, "to satisfy his troops with food and fodder for four months". Sultan's subordinate, Akhaltsikhe pasha also instigated him.
Later on September 16, 1784, news was received in Tiflis about the entrance of Umma Khan to Alazan valley with the support of Ali-Sultan of Mehtuli Khanate at the head of 15,000 strong army. The Georgian king Heraclius II gathered his own army against him, called on Ossetians and Ingush to help. A Russian detachment under the command of Stepan Burnashev arrived to help the Georgians as well. Burnashev immediately moved with his troops to Signakhi and offered Heraclius to immediately attack the Avars at their crossing of the river. But Heraclius did not dare to leave the stronghold of Signakh. Umma Khan calmly crossed the Alazan and bypassed the Georgian army locked in the fortress, marching on Tiflis. This bold maneuver overturned all the calculations of Heraclius, and he had to rush to the defense of the capital with a forced march. But as soon as Burnashev approached the Metekhi bridge, Umma changed direction and rushed deep into Kartli raiding the region. He took the Agjaqala fortress in Borchali. In this battle, the Georgian side lost 640 people killed, 860 were taken prisoner. Then the Avars captured the Akhtala mines and copper smelters, after which they moved towards Lori and devastated this region.
In late October – early November, Umma Khan raided Upper Imereti and besieged the Fortress of Vakhani. Unable to take the castle by storm, he twice tried to blow it up, but without success. Then he invited Eugenius Abashidze, Grand Master of the Court of Georgia to enter into negotiations, but as soon as the latter arrived at the khan's headquarters, he was detained and made a prisoner. As a result, 700 people were captured, all the men are put to death, except the princes, and the buildings in the castle are reduced to ashes. During the raid, he captured daughters of Eugenius Abashidze, Grand Master of the Court of Georgia. She took the sister Darejan to herself and gave Sofia to his brother-in-law Ibrahimkhalil in 1786. Both women were converted to Islam, Sofia renamed to Javahir. Then Umma Khan moved to Akhaltsikhe and camped there for the winter.
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Umma Khan V
Umma Khan V (Omar Khan) Avar nicknamed Great or Mad (Avar: Кӏудияв Гӏумахан; 1761 or 1762, Khunzakh – March 22, 1801, Balaken) — Avar nutsal, ruler of Avar Khanate from 1774 to 1801. Under Khan, the Avar Khanate expanded its borders both by subordinating the Avar free societies, and at the expense of neighboring territories. Khan was paid tributes by the Georgian king Erekle II, Derbent, Quba, Baku, Shirvan, Shaki khans and Akhaltsikhe pasha.
He was born in 1761, Avar village of Khunzakh to Muhammad IV, khan of Avars and his wife Bakha, daughter of Ahmad Khan, Utsmi of Kaitags. He had three full sisters and a half-brother named Gebek. His father Muhammad was a rival of Fatali Khan of Quba. He marched on Shamakhi in alliance with Aghasi Khan in 1774, however was forced to negotiate when Aghasi was routed. However he was killed by Akushans, Dargin allies of Fatali Khan. Umma inherited the rulership of the khanate when he was just 12.
The strengthening of power and the expansion of the sphere of influence of Fatali Khan already alarmed the neighboring rulers. In the first year of his reign, Umma Khan tried to forge an anti-Quba alliance with other Dagestani and Caucasian feudal lords. He married his sister Bakhtika to Ibrahim Khalil Khan of Karabakh to forge an alliance. The Dagestani coalition of rulers included Kaitag utsmi Amir Hamza (also, Umma's uncle), ruler of Mehtuli khanate – Ali-Sultan, Ghāzī Rustam of Tabasaran, Tishsiz Muhammad (Muhammad the Toothless) - head of Kazanishche Kumyks; they were also joined by the Kumyks of Endirey, Kostek and others.
Having gathered a 4,000-strong army, coalition was led by Amir Hamza who marched into Quba but retreated north where he was ambushed by Fatali's armies. Nevertheless, coalition defeated Fath Ali's army of 8,000 in the battle of Gavdushan, near the city of Khudat in July 1774 and forced him to flee to Salyan.
After some time, at the request of the Akhty people, in the autumn of 1782, Umma Khan made a new campaign against Fatali Khan, devastated villages of Quba, and returned to his possessions.
Meanwhile, the intensification of Russian presence in Dagestan caused dissatisfaction in Sublime Porte, which decided to take retaliatory measures. The sultan sent Umma Khan a "salary" of 500 piastres and promised him, upon raiding Georgia, "to satisfy his troops with food and fodder for four months". Sultan's subordinate, Akhaltsikhe pasha also instigated him.
Later on September 16, 1784, news was received in Tiflis about the entrance of Umma Khan to Alazan valley with the support of Ali-Sultan of Mehtuli Khanate at the head of 15,000 strong army. The Georgian king Heraclius II gathered his own army against him, called on Ossetians and Ingush to help. A Russian detachment under the command of Stepan Burnashev arrived to help the Georgians as well. Burnashev immediately moved with his troops to Signakhi and offered Heraclius to immediately attack the Avars at their crossing of the river. But Heraclius did not dare to leave the stronghold of Signakh. Umma Khan calmly crossed the Alazan and bypassed the Georgian army locked in the fortress, marching on Tiflis. This bold maneuver overturned all the calculations of Heraclius, and he had to rush to the defense of the capital with a forced march. But as soon as Burnashev approached the Metekhi bridge, Umma changed direction and rushed deep into Kartli raiding the region. He took the Agjaqala fortress in Borchali. In this battle, the Georgian side lost 640 people killed, 860 were taken prisoner. Then the Avars captured the Akhtala mines and copper smelters, after which they moved towards Lori and devastated this region.
In late October – early November, Umma Khan raided Upper Imereti and besieged the Fortress of Vakhani. Unable to take the castle by storm, he twice tried to blow it up, but without success. Then he invited Eugenius Abashidze, Grand Master of the Court of Georgia to enter into negotiations, but as soon as the latter arrived at the khan's headquarters, he was detained and made a prisoner. As a result, 700 people were captured, all the men are put to death, except the princes, and the buildings in the castle are reduced to ashes. During the raid, he captured daughters of Eugenius Abashidze, Grand Master of the Court of Georgia. She took the sister Darejan to herself and gave Sofia to his brother-in-law Ibrahimkhalil in 1786. Both women were converted to Islam, Sofia renamed to Javahir. Then Umma Khan moved to Akhaltsikhe and camped there for the winter.
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