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Uri Zvi Greenberg
Uri Zvi Greenberg (Hebrew: אורי צבי גרינברג; September 22, 1896 – May 8, 1981; also spelled Uri Zvi Grinberg) was an Israeli poet, journalist and politician who wrote in Yiddish and Hebrew.
Widely regarded among the greatest poets in the country's history, he was awarded the Israel Prize in 1957 and the Bialik Prize in 1947, 1954 and 1977, all for his contributions to fine literature. Greenberg is considered the most significant representative of modernist Expressionism in Hebrew and Yiddish literature.
Uri Zvi Greenberg was born in Bilyi Kamin, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now in Ukraine, to a prominent Hasidic family. He was raised in Lemberg (now Lviv, Ukraine), and received a traditional Jewish religious education.
He was drafted into the Austrian army in 1915, and fought in World War I. While fording the Sava River under heavy Serbian fire, many of his comrades in arms died, or were severely wounded. The experience deeply affected him, and appeared in his writings for years to come. He deserted towards the end of the war in 1918, and fled to Lemberg. After returning to Lemberg, he was witness to the pogroms of November 1918. Greenberg and his family miraculously escaped being shot by Polish soldiers celebrating their victory over the Ukrainians, an experience which convinced him that all Jews living in the “Kingdom of the Cross” faced physical annihilation.
He moved to Warsaw in 1920, where he wrote for the radical literary publications of young Jewish poets. After a brief stay in Berlin, he made aliyah to the Land of Israel (then Mandatory Palestine) in 1924. He went back to Poland in the 1930s, working as a Revisionist-Zionist activist until World War II erupted in 1939, when he returned to Israel. His parents and sisters remained behind and were subsequently murdered during the Holocaust.
He married Aliza in 1950, and had three daughters and two sons. He added "Tur-Malka" to the family name, but continued to use "Greenberg" to honor family members who were murdered in the Holocaust. Greenberg was a resident of Ramat Gan. He was awarded the Israel Prize in 1957 for contributions to Hebrew literature, and the Knesset held a special session to honor him on his 80th birthday in 1976.
Young Greenberg was encouraged to write by Shmuel Yankev Imber, a Yiddish neo-romantic poet, and Tsevi Bikeles-Shpitser, the Yiddish theater critic who edited the local newspaper Tagblat. Some of his poems in Yiddish and Hebrew were published when he was 16. His first works were published in 1912 in the Labor Zionist weekly Der yidisher arbayter (The Jewish Laborer) in Lemberg and in Hebrew in Ha-Shiloaḥ in Odessa. His first book, in Yiddish, was published in Lwów while he was fighting on the Serbian front. In 1920, Greenberg moved to Warsaw, with its lively Jewish cultural scene. He was one of the founders of Di Chaliastre (literally, "the gang"), a group of young Yiddish writers that included Melech Ravitch. He also edited a Yiddish literary journal, Albatros. In the wake of his iconoclastic depictions of Jesus in the second issue of Albatros, particularly his prose poem Royte epl fun veybeymer (Red Apples from the Trees of Pain). The magazine incorporated avant-garde elements both in content and typography, taking its cue from German periodicals like Die Aktion and Der Sturm.
The journal was banned by the Polish censors, and in November 1922 Greenberg fled to Berlin to escape prosecution. Greenberg published the last two issues of Albatros in Berlin before renouncing European society and immigrating to Israel in December 1923.
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Uri Zvi Greenberg
Uri Zvi Greenberg (Hebrew: אורי צבי גרינברג; September 22, 1896 – May 8, 1981; also spelled Uri Zvi Grinberg) was an Israeli poet, journalist and politician who wrote in Yiddish and Hebrew.
Widely regarded among the greatest poets in the country's history, he was awarded the Israel Prize in 1957 and the Bialik Prize in 1947, 1954 and 1977, all for his contributions to fine literature. Greenberg is considered the most significant representative of modernist Expressionism in Hebrew and Yiddish literature.
Uri Zvi Greenberg was born in Bilyi Kamin, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now in Ukraine, to a prominent Hasidic family. He was raised in Lemberg (now Lviv, Ukraine), and received a traditional Jewish religious education.
He was drafted into the Austrian army in 1915, and fought in World War I. While fording the Sava River under heavy Serbian fire, many of his comrades in arms died, or were severely wounded. The experience deeply affected him, and appeared in his writings for years to come. He deserted towards the end of the war in 1918, and fled to Lemberg. After returning to Lemberg, he was witness to the pogroms of November 1918. Greenberg and his family miraculously escaped being shot by Polish soldiers celebrating their victory over the Ukrainians, an experience which convinced him that all Jews living in the “Kingdom of the Cross” faced physical annihilation.
He moved to Warsaw in 1920, where he wrote for the radical literary publications of young Jewish poets. After a brief stay in Berlin, he made aliyah to the Land of Israel (then Mandatory Palestine) in 1924. He went back to Poland in the 1930s, working as a Revisionist-Zionist activist until World War II erupted in 1939, when he returned to Israel. His parents and sisters remained behind and were subsequently murdered during the Holocaust.
He married Aliza in 1950, and had three daughters and two sons. He added "Tur-Malka" to the family name, but continued to use "Greenberg" to honor family members who were murdered in the Holocaust. Greenberg was a resident of Ramat Gan. He was awarded the Israel Prize in 1957 for contributions to Hebrew literature, and the Knesset held a special session to honor him on his 80th birthday in 1976.
Young Greenberg was encouraged to write by Shmuel Yankev Imber, a Yiddish neo-romantic poet, and Tsevi Bikeles-Shpitser, the Yiddish theater critic who edited the local newspaper Tagblat. Some of his poems in Yiddish and Hebrew were published when he was 16. His first works were published in 1912 in the Labor Zionist weekly Der yidisher arbayter (The Jewish Laborer) in Lemberg and in Hebrew in Ha-Shiloaḥ in Odessa. His first book, in Yiddish, was published in Lwów while he was fighting on the Serbian front. In 1920, Greenberg moved to Warsaw, with its lively Jewish cultural scene. He was one of the founders of Di Chaliastre (literally, "the gang"), a group of young Yiddish writers that included Melech Ravitch. He also edited a Yiddish literary journal, Albatros. In the wake of his iconoclastic depictions of Jesus in the second issue of Albatros, particularly his prose poem Royte epl fun veybeymer (Red Apples from the Trees of Pain). The magazine incorporated avant-garde elements both in content and typography, taking its cue from German periodicals like Die Aktion and Der Sturm.
The journal was banned by the Polish censors, and in November 1922 Greenberg fled to Berlin to escape prosecution. Greenberg published the last two issues of Albatros in Berlin before renouncing European society and immigrating to Israel in December 1923.