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Victoria Reid
Victoria Reid (c. 1809 – December 23, 1868), also known as Bartolomea Comicrabit, was an Indigenous Tongva woman from the village of Comicranga, at what is now Santa Monica, California. She is notable for having been one of the few Indigenous people to be granted land by the Mexican Republic, and for having respected social status in Mexican California. She is also notable for her marriage as a widow to Hugo Reid, a Scottish immigrant who became a naturalized Mexican citizen. After her marriage to Reid, she was known as "Victoria", and referred to respectfully as Doña Victoria.
Bartolomea was taken as a child to Mission San Gabriel, where she was educated in Hispanic culture and converted to Christianity. At the age of 13, she entered into an arranged marriage with an Indigenous man. Later, as a widow, she married a Scots immigrant. She is believed to have inspired the lead character in Helen Hunt Jackson's novel Ramona (1884).
Bartolomea was born at Comicranga between 1808 and 1810 a daughter of the chief of the village and his wife.
At the age of six, Franciscan missionaries arranged to take her to live at Mission San Gabriel for conversion to Christianity. Girls lived in a guarded dormitory. These were known as monjeríos, where young girls, and single and widowed women, were kept in locked rooms to "safeguard their virginity and help them to prepare for Christian marriage."
Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné, keeper of the keys at the mission, paid special attention by making Bartolomea her assistant at a young age.
Bartolomea was kept at the mission until the age of 13. That year the mission fathers chose Pablo Maria, a 41-year-old Indigenous vaquero, to be her husband. He worked at the Yutucubit Rancheria for the mission. During the Spanish mission period, the Franciscan fathers encouraged recent converts to marry within the neophyte population in order to retain control over them and their children as a work force to be exploited for the mission.
In this marriage, Bartolomea bore four children, recorded as Felipe, Jose Delores, Maria Ygnacía, and Carlitos. Her first child, Felipe, was born in 1822, when she was 15 years old. By this time, Mexico had gained independence from Spain. The couple was rewarded two small plots of land known as parajes near the mission. In this way, the mission fathers acknowledged her to be Hispanicized and Christianized. She became a widow in 1836, when Pablo Maria died.
At that time, the widowed Bartolomea gained control of the parajes. Deemed Hispanicized and Christianized, she was considered able to make her own marriage choice.
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Victoria Reid
Victoria Reid (c. 1809 – December 23, 1868), also known as Bartolomea Comicrabit, was an Indigenous Tongva woman from the village of Comicranga, at what is now Santa Monica, California. She is notable for having been one of the few Indigenous people to be granted land by the Mexican Republic, and for having respected social status in Mexican California. She is also notable for her marriage as a widow to Hugo Reid, a Scottish immigrant who became a naturalized Mexican citizen. After her marriage to Reid, she was known as "Victoria", and referred to respectfully as Doña Victoria.
Bartolomea was taken as a child to Mission San Gabriel, where she was educated in Hispanic culture and converted to Christianity. At the age of 13, she entered into an arranged marriage with an Indigenous man. Later, as a widow, she married a Scots immigrant. She is believed to have inspired the lead character in Helen Hunt Jackson's novel Ramona (1884).
Bartolomea was born at Comicranga between 1808 and 1810 a daughter of the chief of the village and his wife.
At the age of six, Franciscan missionaries arranged to take her to live at Mission San Gabriel for conversion to Christianity. Girls lived in a guarded dormitory. These were known as monjeríos, where young girls, and single and widowed women, were kept in locked rooms to "safeguard their virginity and help them to prepare for Christian marriage."
Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné, keeper of the keys at the mission, paid special attention by making Bartolomea her assistant at a young age.
Bartolomea was kept at the mission until the age of 13. That year the mission fathers chose Pablo Maria, a 41-year-old Indigenous vaquero, to be her husband. He worked at the Yutucubit Rancheria for the mission. During the Spanish mission period, the Franciscan fathers encouraged recent converts to marry within the neophyte population in order to retain control over them and their children as a work force to be exploited for the mission.
In this marriage, Bartolomea bore four children, recorded as Felipe, Jose Delores, Maria Ygnacía, and Carlitos. Her first child, Felipe, was born in 1822, when she was 15 years old. By this time, Mexico had gained independence from Spain. The couple was rewarded two small plots of land known as parajes near the mission. In this way, the mission fathers acknowledged her to be Hispanicized and Christianized. She became a widow in 1836, when Pablo Maria died.
At that time, the widowed Bartolomea gained control of the parajes. Deemed Hispanicized and Christianized, she was considered able to make her own marriage choice.