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Western physical culture
Western physical culture is the form of physical culture that originated mainly in the West.
The practice of calisthenics by the ancient Greeks, as well as the way in which sport was a major part of their society, as seen in events such as the Ancient Olympic Games and the way in which sport featured in domains such as poetry and religion, served as a foundation for modern Western physical culture.
Many current rural games in the West are believed to have originated as pagan practices from around the time of the ancient Greeks onward.
The ancient Olympics came to an end around the late 5th century CE partially due to changing cultural tastes that were influenced by the uptake of Christianity throughout Europe, though broader claims that are often made of Christianity having been wholly responsible for the end of the ancient Olympics have been debunked. Christians continued to practice sports during feast days, holy days and Sundays throughout the medieval era. However, gymnasium cultures declined in Europe up until the Renaissance, though the utilitarian war-oriented tradition of ancient Spartan and Roman training methods, which contrasted with the broader humanistic educational background that most ancient Greek physical cultural forms were offered in, remained relevant.
The physical culture movement in the United States during the 19th century owed its origins to several cultural trends.
In the United States, German immigrants after 1848 introduced a physical culture system based on gymnastics that became popular, especially in colleges. Many local Turner clubs introduced physical education (PE) in the form of 'German gymnastics' into American colleges and public schools. The perception of Turner as 'non-American' prevented the 'German system' from becoming the dominating form. They were especially important mainly in the cities with a large German-American population, but their influence slowly spread.
By the late 19th century reformers worried that sedentary white-collar workers were suffering from various "diseases of affluence" that were partially attributed to their increasingly sedentary lifestyles. In consequence, numerous exercise systems were developed, typically drawing from a range of traditional folk games, dances and sports, military training, and medical calisthenics.
Physical culture programs were promoted through the education system, particularly at military academies, as well as via public and private gymnasiums.
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Western physical culture
Western physical culture is the form of physical culture that originated mainly in the West.
The practice of calisthenics by the ancient Greeks, as well as the way in which sport was a major part of their society, as seen in events such as the Ancient Olympic Games and the way in which sport featured in domains such as poetry and religion, served as a foundation for modern Western physical culture.
Many current rural games in the West are believed to have originated as pagan practices from around the time of the ancient Greeks onward.
The ancient Olympics came to an end around the late 5th century CE partially due to changing cultural tastes that were influenced by the uptake of Christianity throughout Europe, though broader claims that are often made of Christianity having been wholly responsible for the end of the ancient Olympics have been debunked. Christians continued to practice sports during feast days, holy days and Sundays throughout the medieval era. However, gymnasium cultures declined in Europe up until the Renaissance, though the utilitarian war-oriented tradition of ancient Spartan and Roman training methods, which contrasted with the broader humanistic educational background that most ancient Greek physical cultural forms were offered in, remained relevant.
The physical culture movement in the United States during the 19th century owed its origins to several cultural trends.
In the United States, German immigrants after 1848 introduced a physical culture system based on gymnastics that became popular, especially in colleges. Many local Turner clubs introduced physical education (PE) in the form of 'German gymnastics' into American colleges and public schools. The perception of Turner as 'non-American' prevented the 'German system' from becoming the dominating form. They were especially important mainly in the cities with a large German-American population, but their influence slowly spread.
By the late 19th century reformers worried that sedentary white-collar workers were suffering from various "diseases of affluence" that were partially attributed to their increasingly sedentary lifestyles. In consequence, numerous exercise systems were developed, typically drawing from a range of traditional folk games, dances and sports, military training, and medical calisthenics.
Physical culture programs were promoted through the education system, particularly at military academies, as well as via public and private gymnasiums.