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Whitaker and Baxter
Clem Whitaker and Leone Baxter were a husband-and-wife team that started Campaigns, Inc., the first political consulting firm in the United States. Based in California, the firm worked on a variety of political issues, mostly for Republican Party candidates. They both supported conservative ideals.
During the 1934 California gubernatorial election, they engineered a smear campaign against socialist Upton Sinclair in an effort to prevent him from unseating incumbent Republican Frank Merriam. They were successful, and Sinclair ultimately lost.
The couple developed strategies and tactics - such as media advertisement buys and direct-mail campaigns - that are still widely used in today's campaigns. Their public relations work not only revolutionized politics in the modern era, but also deeply impacted political issues that remain relevant today.
Clement Sherman Whitaker was born in Tempe, Arizona, on May 1, 1899, the son of a Baptist minister. He was raised in Willits, California, where he submitted his first news story, for the Willits News, at age 13. He began working for the Sacramento Union at age 18.
Following a brief stint in the Army during World War I, Whitaker became city editor for the Union before moving to the Sacramento Examiner at age 21. He was a political writer for the Examiner until 1921, when he founded the Capitol News Bureau. His company disseminated political news to eighty newspapers statewide. While living in Sacramento, he married Harriet Reynolds. The couple had four children: Clem Jr., Milton, Patricia and Burdett.
Leone Baxter was born Leone J. Smith in Kelso, Washington, on November 20, 1906, the third child of Leon W. and Grace Pearl (Hayes) Smith.[unreliable source?] According to the 1910 U.S. Federal Census, her father was a farmer from Wisconsin. Her mother's family was from New York. Leone briefly wrote for the Portland Oregonian.
In June 1925, Leone was issued a marriage license for herself and Alex D. Baxter in Tacoma. She worked as a secretary for the Chamber of Commerce in Redding, California. There she promoted a water carnival for the Chamber of Commerce. She became the Chamber manager in 1929.
Around 1929 she and her husband moved to Sacramento. Leone Baxter accepted the position of office manager of the State Water Plan Association in Sacramento in October 1933.
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Whitaker and Baxter
Clem Whitaker and Leone Baxter were a husband-and-wife team that started Campaigns, Inc., the first political consulting firm in the United States. Based in California, the firm worked on a variety of political issues, mostly for Republican Party candidates. They both supported conservative ideals.
During the 1934 California gubernatorial election, they engineered a smear campaign against socialist Upton Sinclair in an effort to prevent him from unseating incumbent Republican Frank Merriam. They were successful, and Sinclair ultimately lost.
The couple developed strategies and tactics - such as media advertisement buys and direct-mail campaigns - that are still widely used in today's campaigns. Their public relations work not only revolutionized politics in the modern era, but also deeply impacted political issues that remain relevant today.
Clement Sherman Whitaker was born in Tempe, Arizona, on May 1, 1899, the son of a Baptist minister. He was raised in Willits, California, where he submitted his first news story, for the Willits News, at age 13. He began working for the Sacramento Union at age 18.
Following a brief stint in the Army during World War I, Whitaker became city editor for the Union before moving to the Sacramento Examiner at age 21. He was a political writer for the Examiner until 1921, when he founded the Capitol News Bureau. His company disseminated political news to eighty newspapers statewide. While living in Sacramento, he married Harriet Reynolds. The couple had four children: Clem Jr., Milton, Patricia and Burdett.
Leone Baxter was born Leone J. Smith in Kelso, Washington, on November 20, 1906, the third child of Leon W. and Grace Pearl (Hayes) Smith.[unreliable source?] According to the 1910 U.S. Federal Census, her father was a farmer from Wisconsin. Her mother's family was from New York. Leone briefly wrote for the Portland Oregonian.
In June 1925, Leone was issued a marriage license for herself and Alex D. Baxter in Tacoma. She worked as a secretary for the Chamber of Commerce in Redding, California. There she promoted a water carnival for the Chamber of Commerce. She became the Chamber manager in 1929.
Around 1929 she and her husband moved to Sacramento. Leone Baxter accepted the position of office manager of the State Water Plan Association in Sacramento in October 1933.