William L. Patterson

William Lorenzo Patterson (August 27, 1891 – March 5, 1980) was an African-American leader in the Communist Party USA and head of the International Labor Defense, a group offering legal representation to communists, trade unionists, and African Americans in cases involving alleged racial or political persecution. He was perhaps best known for submitting a petition to the UN in 1951, accusing the U.S. government of complicity in genocide against black people.

William Lorenzo Patterson was born August 27, 1891, in San Francisco, California. His father, James Edward Patterson, originally hailed from the island of St. Vincent, in the British West Indies. His mother, Mary Galt Patterson, had been born a slave in the state of Virginia and was the daughter of the organizer of a black volunteer regiment that fought in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

Patterson's father was a Seventh-day Adventist missionary to Tahiti and he spent extensive time there, with the rest of the family moving between the California cities of Oakland and Mill Valley, where William attended public schools.

In 1911, Patterson was the first African-American graduate of Tamalpais High School, in Mill Valley. In the school's yearbook, he stated an ambition "to be a second Booker T. Washington." After graduation, Patterson supported himself by working as a laborer in railroad dining cars and on boats that sailed along the Pacific coast. He saved enough money to enroll at University of California, Berkeley but was expelled during World War I for refusal to participate in compulsory military training.

Deciding to set his sights on becoming a lawyer, Patterson entered Hastings College of Law, from which he graduated in 1919. After failing the California State Bar Exam, he opted to pursue emigration to Liberia; he took a job as a cook on a mail ship to England as a means to that end. He found, however, that his inquiries about Liberian emigration were rebuffed in England because of his lack of the artisan skills needed at the time in the African country. Determined to return to the U.S., he landed in New York and gained employment as a longshoreman.

Patterson was able to put his college degree to use by getting hired as a law clerk. He helped write legal briefs and studied for the New York State Bar Exam, which he passed in 1924. Meanwhile, he married his first wife, the former Minnie Summer, and made numerous personal acquaintances in the booming Harlem Renaissance. After a divorce in 1928, he married Vera Gorohovskaya in 1929, with whom he had two daughters. In September 1940, Patterson married for a third time, to Louise Thompson. She was a left-wing activist with a long association with the poet Langston Hughes. On March 15, 1943, the Pattersons had their only child, MaryLouise Patterson, in Chicago, IL.

One of Patterson's New York friends was the radical political activist Richard B. Moore, who persuaded Patterson to put his legal skills to work in defense of the Italian immigrant anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti. They had been convicted of murder in a controversial and highly politicized Massachusetts trial. On August 22, 1927, Patterson was among the 156 persons arrested for protesting the executions of Sacco and Vanzetti.

Patterson joined the Workers (Communist) Party in 1943, and became head of the International Labor Defense (ILD), a communist legal advocacy organization.