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William Rowley
William Rowley
William Rowley
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William Rowley (c. 1585 – February 1626) was an English Jacobean dramatist, best known for works written in collaboration with more successful writers. His date of birth is estimated to have been c. 1585; he was buried on 11 February 1626 in the graveyard of St James's, Clerkenwell in north London. (An unambiguous record of Rowley's death was discovered in 1928,[1] but some authorities persist in listing his year of death as 1642.)

Life and work

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Rowley was an actor-playwright who specialised in playing clown characters (that is, characters whose function is to provide low comedy). He must also have been a large man, since his forte lay specifically in fat-clown roles. He played the Fat Bishop in Thomas Middleton's A Game at Chess, and Plumporridge in the same author's Inner Temple Masque. He also wrote fat-clown parts for himself to play: Jaques in All's Lost by Lust (a role "personated by the Poet", the 1633 quarto states), and Bustopha in The Maid in the Mill, his collaboration with John Fletcher. He certainly played Simplicity in The World Tossed at Tennis, and probably Chough in A Fair Quarrel – and since these are Middleton/Rowley collaborations, they qualify as two more parts that Rowley wrote for himself. (Internal evidence shows that in collaborations, Rowley normally handled the comic subplot – though he was not restricted solely to comic material: in The Changeling, A Fair Quarrel, and The Maid in the Mill he wrote substantial portions of the main plots as well.) The part of the otherwise unnamed Clown in The Birth of Merlin shows signs of being another role that Rowley the playwright wrote with Rowley the actor in mind.

As a writer, Rowley was almost exclusively a dramatist; the pamphlet A Search for Money (1609) is his only sustained work of non-dramatic prose. Two plays are generally accepted as Rowley's solo works: A Shoemaker a Gentleman (c. 1607–09) and All's Lost by Lust (1619). Three other works that may have been Rowley solo plays have not survived: Hymen's Holidays or Cupid's Vagaries (1612), A Knave in Print (1613) and The Fool Without Book (also 1613).

Rowley appears to have begun his career working for Queen Anne's Men at the Red Bull Theatre. In 1609 he was part of a group of actors who set up a new playing company, the Duke of York's Men, which became known as Prince Charles's Men after 1612. Most of Rowley's career was spent writing and clowning for this company, which was based at a series of different playhouses, including the Curtain, the Hope and the Red Bull. Rowley was the troupe's payee for their Court performances in the 1610–15 era.[2]

In 1623, Rowley left his company and joined the highly successful King's Men at the Globe, until his death in 1626. Though relatively brief, his stay with the troupe was eventful: in 1624 he was embroiled in both the Game at Chess controversy in August and the Spanish Viceroy affair in December. The roles he took with the company probably included Cacafogo in Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, the Cook in Rollo Duke of Normandy and Tony in A Wife for a Month.[3]

Notably, Rowley did not necessarily restrict his playwriting efforts to the company to which he was committed as an actor. In 1624 he was a member of the King's Men, Shakespeare's famous company, and in August of that year played in their notorious production of A Game at Chess – yet in the same year he worked on the now-lost play Keep the Widow Waking with Dekker, Ford and Webster, which was intended for the Red Bull Theatre.

Plays by Rowley

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Rowley's canon is plagued by uncertainty and by the complexities of collaboration: the following is only an approximate guide.

The Witch of Edmonton, 1658

Notes

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References

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William Rowley

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William Rowley is an English Jacobean dramatist and actor known for his extensive collaborative work with leading playwrights of the early seventeenth century and for his memorable performances in clown and comic roles. Born around 1585, he was buried on 11 February 1626, with an unambiguous record of his death established through later archival discovery. Rowley began his theatrical career as an actor with the Duke of York's Men, later known as Prince Charles's Men, where he rose to prominence and became the company's leader by 1616; he specialized in playing fat clown characters, often writing such roles for himself. He later joined the King's Men around 1623, appearing in cast lists for several productions until near the end of his life. As a playwright, he was one of the period's most prolific collaborators, contributing to numerous works in whole or part, including The Travels of the Three English Brothers with John Day and George Wilkins, Fortune by Land and Sea with Thomas Heywood, and The Witch of Edmonton with Thomas Dekker and John Ford. His most celebrated collaboration was with Thomas Middleton on The Changeling (1622), a gripping tragedy regarded as one of the finest of the Jacobean era, along with A Fair Quarrel (c. 1616) and The Spanish Gipsy (1623). Rowley also authored several plays independently, such as All's Lost by Lust (c. 1619), A Shoemaker a Gentleman (c. 1608), and A New Wonder, A Woman Never Vext (c. 1610). His contributions reflect the collaborative nature of Jacobean drama, where his skill in comic scenes and plot construction made him a sought-after partner despite the greater fame of his co-authors.

Biography

Early Life

Little is known about the early life of William Rowley. He is believed to have been born around 1585, likely in London or elsewhere in England, though no precise date or place of birth is confirmed in primary records. No verified details survive regarding his family background, education, or any activities prior to his involvement in the theater. Some scholars have suggested a possible connection to the actor and playwright Samuel Rowley, proposing that William was his younger brother, but this link is based on circumstantial evidence and is not universally accepted or definitively proven. Reliable biographical information about Rowley is absent before 1607, marking the beginning of his documented theatrical career.

Theatrical Career

Rowley began his theatrical career acting with Queen Anne's Men at the Red Bull Theatre before 1610. ) Around 1609, he joined the Duke of York's Men, which became known as Prince Charles's Men after 1612, and he served as the company's payee for court performances from 1610 to 1615. ) He was regarded as the troupe's leading comedian by 1613 and specialized in clown and fat-man comic roles owing to his large stature. ) Prince Charles's Men were a less prestigious and profitable company than the major London troupes, frequently undertaking provincial tours to supplement their income. ) Rowley remained with them until 1623, when he left to join the King's Men, the prestigious company formerly associated with William Shakespeare, and performed at the Globe Theatre. ) As both actor and playwright, Rowley was active from 1607 to 1626, contributing dramatic works tailored to the repertories of his affiliated companies during this period. )

Death

William Rowley died in February 1626 and was buried on 11 February 1626 in the graveyard of St James's, Clerkenwell, London. This burial date, recorded in the parish register, provides the precise evidence for the end of his life. Five days later, on 16 February 1626, his widow Grace petitioned for relief from administering his estate, indicating that he likely died without a will or in circumstances requiring administrative intervention by the court. An unambiguous record of Rowley's burial was discovered in 1928, correcting the previously accepted but erroneous death date of 1642 that had appeared in some earlier accounts due to misattribution or confusion with other individuals. This clarification from the primary parish register established February 1626 as the accurate time of his death.

Acting Career

Companies and Known Roles

William Rowley was renowned as a leading clown actor in Jacobean theater, celebrated for his large physique and flair for fat-clown and oversized comic roles that exploited physical humor and low comedy. He began his career possibly associated with Queen Anne's Men prior to 1609, though evidence remains limited and inferred from some early collaborations. In 1609, he joined Prince Charles's Men (initially known as the Duke of York's Men), where he performed until around 1623 and rose to prominence as the company's chief comedian, taking on leading clown parts during his most productive years. In 1623, Rowley transferred to the prestigious King's Men, with whom he acted until his death in 1626, appearing in company lists and performances during his final years. Rowley's known roles were frequently tailored to his comic talents and physical presence, emphasizing exaggerated, gluttonous, or foolish characters. Confirmed performances include the Fat Bishop in Thomas Middleton's A Game at Chess (1624), Plumporridge in Middleton's Inner Temple Masque (c. 1619), Bustopha in The Maid in the Mill (c. 1623), Simplicity in The World Tossed at Tennis (c. 1620), and Jaques (the clown role) in his own All's Lost by Lust (c. 1619). Strongly indicated or probable roles include Chough in A Fair Quarrel (c. 1616), Cacafogo in Rule a Wife and Have a Wife (c. 1624), the Cook in Rollo Duke of Normandy (c. 1617–24), and Tony in A Wife for a Month (c. 1624). Many of these parts, particularly in his own plays or collaborations, were crafted to suit his distinctive style as a fat clown, contributing to his reputation as a versatile and popular performer in company repertories.

Playwriting Career

Independent Plays

William Rowley's independent plays are those generally accepted as his sole authorship, with title pages attributing them only to him and scholarly consensus supporting no significant collaboration. These include A New Wonder, A Woman Never Vexed, All's Lost by Lust, and A Shoemaker a Gentleman, which demonstrate his range across comedy and tragedy despite significant delays between performance and publication. A New Wonder, A Woman Never Vexed is a comedy first performed around 1611 (with estimates ranging to 1614) and printed in 1632 by Francis Constable, who noted it had been "sundry times Acted" but was "never before printed." The title page describes it as "A Pleasant Conceited Comedy" attributed solely to "VVilliam Rowley, one of his Maiesties Servants." This work highlights Rowley's early skill in light-hearted dramatic writing. All's Lost by Lust is a tragedy performed by Prince Charles's Men around 1619 (with some estimates placing initial performances as early as 1618) and later by the Lady Elizabeth's Servants and at the Phoenix in Drury Lane with noted applause. It was printed in 1633 by Thomas Harper, with the title page crediting only "William Rowley" and describing it as "A TRAGEDY CALLED ALL'S LOST BY LVST." The play features a strong moral tone in its exploration of destructive passion. A Shoemaker a Gentleman is a comedy with composition dates uncertain but performance records indicating it was acted "sundry Times" at the Red Bull and other theaters by Queen Anne’s Men around 1608. It was not printed until 1638 by John Okes, sold by John Cowper, and presented as "never before Printed," with the title page attributing it to "W. R. Gentleman" (understood as William Rowley) and calling it "A MERRIE AND Pleasant Comedy." This is often regarded as one of Rowley's extant independent comedies. These plays reflect Rowley's versatility in both comic and tragic modes when writing independently, though publication often occurred many years after their original staging.

Collaborative Plays

William Rowley was a prolific collaborator, most notably with Thomas Middleton, contributing comic subplots and clown roles to their joint works in a partnership that spanned much of his playwriting career. Rowley, an actor-dramatist known for specializing in fat-man clown parts, typically handled the low comedy and farce in these collaborations, often writing roles for himself to perform. Their collaborations include A Fair Quarrel (performed c. 1614–1617, printed 1617), in which Rowley contributed the low comedy scenes and subplot. Another joint work is The Old Law (performed c. 1618, printed 1656), where Rowley may have served as a third contributor alongside Middleton and Philip Massinger. They also co-authored The World Tossed at Tennis in 1620. The most celebrated of their collaborations is The Changeling (performed 1622, printed 1653), widely regarded as one of the greatest Jacobean tragedies due to its psychological depth and thematic integration of tragedy and comedy. In the play, Middleton is credited with the tragic main plot centered on Beatrice-Joanna and De Flores, while Rowley wrote the comic subplot involving a young rake's antics in an asylum. The work was licensed for performance in 1622 at the Phoenix Theatre. Rowley also collaborated with other contemporaries, including Thomas Heywood on Fortune by Land and Sea (c. 1607), Thomas Dekker and John Ford on The Witch of Edmonton (1621), John Fletcher on The Maid in the Mill (1623), and John Webster on A Cure for a Cuckold (1624). In these works, his contributions similarly emphasized comic elements and subplots consistent with his stylistic strengths.

Authorship and Attribution Issues

The attribution of plays to William Rowley is frequently complicated by his extensive collaborative practices, the conventions of Jacobean play publication, and later printers' misattributions. Modern scholarship relies heavily on stylistic analysis and textual evidence to resolve these uncertainties, as Rowley's contributions often appear alongside or revised by other dramatists. Several plays linked to Rowley have faced significant authorship disputes. The Birth of Merlin, printed in 1662 with a title-page attribution to William Shakespeare and William Rowley, is now generally regarded as primarily or solely Rowley's work, with the Shakespeare connection widely rejected as a false attribution. The Spanish Gypsy, printed in 1653 and attributed to Thomas Middleton and William Rowley, has been reattributed by stylistic studies to Thomas Dekker and John Ford. Wit at Several Weapons, dated around 1615, is associated with Middleton and Rowley but is considered to involve substantial revision by both playwrights. The attribution of A Match at Midnight, circa 1622, to Rowley based on the initials 'W.R.' remains questioned and uncertain. A substantial portion of Rowley's dramatic output is lost, including Hymen's Holidays (1612), A Knave in Print (1613), The Fool Without Book (1613), and Keep the Widow Waking (1624, co-authored with Dekker, Ford, and Webster). His canon is estimated to encompass around 20 plays in total, though few survive with secure attributions, further underscoring the challenges posed by his collaborative career.

Legacy

William Rowley is best remembered for his collaborative works, particularly The Changeling (1622) with Thomas Middleton, which is widely regarded as one of the finest Jacobean tragedies and remains regularly performed, with its challenging roles still prized by actors. While his solo-authored plays and contributions to comedy and clown roles were valued by contemporaries, his independent works have received less modern attention, and scholars note that without his associations with major dramatists, his name might not have endured. Historically, critics often devalued collaborative playwrights like Rowley in favor of isolated authorship, but contemporary scholarship increasingly appreciates the collaborative nature of Jacobean drama, leading to greater recognition of his contributions.
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