William Sands Cox (1802 in Birmingham – 23 December 1875 in Kenilworth) was a surgeon in Birmingham, England.

He founded Birmingham's first medical school in 1825 as a residential Anglican-based college in Temple Row, where a blue plaque commemorates him on the House of Fraser department store, and in Brittle Street (now obliterated by Snow Hill station). Cox went on to found the Queen's Hospital in Bath Row (Drury & Bateman, opened 1841) as a practical resource for his medical students.

The Birmingham School of Medicine and Surgery became the Birmingham Royal School of Medicine and Surgery in 1836 and then the Queen's College in 1843 by Royal Charter. Cox's ambition was for the college to teach arts, law, engineering, architecture and general science as well as medicine, surgery and theology. However, after a major split in the organisation, the non-theological departments moved off into Mason Science College which later became the University of Birmingham leaving the name Queen's College as a theological institution.

The Sands Cox Chair of Anatomy is a named professorial chair at the University of Birmingham, established to honour William Sands Cox. Named chairs such as this are typically created by universities to commemorate historically significant individuals and to recognise academic leadership in a particular discipline. The Sands Cox Chair of Anatomy is currently held by Professor Tracey Wilkinson.

An archive collection of Cox's papers is held at the Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham.