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Yakov Yurovsky
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Yakov Yurovsky
Yakov Mikhailovich Yurovsky (Russian: Яков Михайлович Юровский, pronounced [ˈjakəf mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ jʊˈrofskʲɪj]; 19 June [O.S. 7 June] 1878 – 2 August 1938) was a Russian Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet Chekist (secret policeman). Yurovsky was commander of the guard at Ipatiev House during the murder of the Romanov family on the night of 17 July 1918. He is known as the chief executioner of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, his family, and four of their servants. Yurovsky was responsible for the distribution of weapons, ordering the family to the cellar room, announcing the execution to the family, and the disposal of the eleven bodies.
Yakov Mikhailovich Yurovsky was the eighth of ten children born to Chaim, son of Izka, a glazier, and his wife Ester daughter of Moishe (1848–1919), a seamstress. He was born on 19 June [O.S. 7 June] 1878 in the Siberian city of Tomsk, Russia. The Yurovsky family was Jewish. The historian Helen Rappaport writes that the young Yurovsky studied the Talmud in his early youth. While the young Yurovsky was raised as a Jew, his family seemed to have later attempted to distance themselves from their Jewish roots. This may have been prompted by the prejudice toward Jews frequently exhibited in Russia at the time, which included antisemitic pogroms in the empire. Shortly before fully devoting himself to the cause of revolution, in the early twentieth century, Yurovsky converted to Lutheranism.
A watchmaker by trade, he lived for a short time in the German Empire in 1904.
After returning to Russia during the Russian Revolution of 1905, he joined the Bolsheviks. He received the party ticket no.1500 in the Krasnopresnenskaya organization. Arrested several times over the years, he became a devoted Marxist. He was a Chekist during the Russian Civil War, from at least 1917–1919.
Citing the dire military situation on the Eastern Front, the Ural Soviet had decided in either late June or early July to execute Nicholas, and the decision was communicated to Yurovsky, the commandant of the Ipatiev House. “On July 16, 6 PM, Filipp Goloshchyokin [Yurovsky’s boss, member of the Yekaterinburg Bolshevik committee] ordered me to execute the task,” Yurovsky reported. At 8 PM, July 16, a telegraph was sent to Moscow, containing the words: “We can’t wait. If your opinions are opposite, let us know right now, out of any queue. Goloshchyokin.” Goloshchyokin, the man in charge of the executive decision, waited a few hours for a reply, and when none came he ordered the execution of the royal family.
On the night of 16/17 July 1918, a squad of Bolshevik secret police (Cheka) led by Yurovsky executed Russia's last emperor, Nicholas II, along with his wife Alexandra, their son Alexei, and their four daughters Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia. Four members of the imperial household–court physician Eugene Botkin, chambermaid Anna Demidova, cook Ivan Kharitonov and footman Alexei Trupp–were also killed. All were shot in a half-cellar room (measured to be 8.5 metres (28 ft) x 7 metres (23 ft)) of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg where they were being held prisoner.
It has since been documented that the order to assassinate the imperial family came from Yakov Sverdlov in Moscow.
According to Leon Trotsky's diaries, Lenin supported and decided upon the killing of the Tsar and his family. After Trotsky returned from the front (of the Russian Civil War) he had the following dialogue with Sverdlov:
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Yakov Yurovsky
Yakov Mikhailovich Yurovsky (Russian: Яков Михайлович Юровский, pronounced [ˈjakəf mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ jʊˈrofskʲɪj]; 19 June [O.S. 7 June] 1878 – 2 August 1938) was a Russian Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet Chekist (secret policeman). Yurovsky was commander of the guard at Ipatiev House during the murder of the Romanov family on the night of 17 July 1918. He is known as the chief executioner of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, his family, and four of their servants. Yurovsky was responsible for the distribution of weapons, ordering the family to the cellar room, announcing the execution to the family, and the disposal of the eleven bodies.
Yakov Mikhailovich Yurovsky was the eighth of ten children born to Chaim, son of Izka, a glazier, and his wife Ester daughter of Moishe (1848–1919), a seamstress. He was born on 19 June [O.S. 7 June] 1878 in the Siberian city of Tomsk, Russia. The Yurovsky family was Jewish. The historian Helen Rappaport writes that the young Yurovsky studied the Talmud in his early youth. While the young Yurovsky was raised as a Jew, his family seemed to have later attempted to distance themselves from their Jewish roots. This may have been prompted by the prejudice toward Jews frequently exhibited in Russia at the time, which included antisemitic pogroms in the empire. Shortly before fully devoting himself to the cause of revolution, in the early twentieth century, Yurovsky converted to Lutheranism.
A watchmaker by trade, he lived for a short time in the German Empire in 1904.
After returning to Russia during the Russian Revolution of 1905, he joined the Bolsheviks. He received the party ticket no.1500 in the Krasnopresnenskaya organization. Arrested several times over the years, he became a devoted Marxist. He was a Chekist during the Russian Civil War, from at least 1917–1919.
Citing the dire military situation on the Eastern Front, the Ural Soviet had decided in either late June or early July to execute Nicholas, and the decision was communicated to Yurovsky, the commandant of the Ipatiev House. “On July 16, 6 PM, Filipp Goloshchyokin [Yurovsky’s boss, member of the Yekaterinburg Bolshevik committee] ordered me to execute the task,” Yurovsky reported. At 8 PM, July 16, a telegraph was sent to Moscow, containing the words: “We can’t wait. If your opinions are opposite, let us know right now, out of any queue. Goloshchyokin.” Goloshchyokin, the man in charge of the executive decision, waited a few hours for a reply, and when none came he ordered the execution of the royal family.
On the night of 16/17 July 1918, a squad of Bolshevik secret police (Cheka) led by Yurovsky executed Russia's last emperor, Nicholas II, along with his wife Alexandra, their son Alexei, and their four daughters Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia. Four members of the imperial household–court physician Eugene Botkin, chambermaid Anna Demidova, cook Ivan Kharitonov and footman Alexei Trupp–were also killed. All were shot in a half-cellar room (measured to be 8.5 metres (28 ft) x 7 metres (23 ft)) of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg where they were being held prisoner.
It has since been documented that the order to assassinate the imperial family came from Yakov Sverdlov in Moscow.
According to Leon Trotsky's diaries, Lenin supported and decided upon the killing of the Tsar and his family. After Trotsky returned from the front (of the Russian Civil War) he had the following dialogue with Sverdlov:
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