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Yakut nationalism
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Yakut nationalism
Yakut nationalism refers to the belief that the Yakuts (or Sakha) should constitute an independent nation. Some attempts have been made to create an independent state for the Yakut people, such as the Tungus Republic, while others aimed for higher autonomy within Russia, such as the Yakut revolt.
The formation of the Yakut people (Sakha) and its culture (language, religion, craftsmanship and agricultural practices) took place in territories far removed from the Middle Prileniya. The dominant concept in Yakut historiography is that of the multi-ethnic origin of the Sakha people. The basin of the Middle Lena attracted various tribes of nomadic herders as a place of permanent settlement for many centuries. In the spacious valleys on the left bank of the Lena (Erkeeni, Tuimaada, Ensieli, etc.), an ecosystem was formed that made it possible to live here all year round and graze cattle. It was here that the cultural core of the Yakut ethnos was formed.
At the time when colonizers from the Russian state arrived here in the XVII century, the Yakuts were mainly engaged in cattle breeding (cows, horses), wintering in warm stationary houses and migrating with herds in the warm season. The Sakha people had sufficiently developed metallurgy, which made it possible to equip warriors with iron armor, kylys, long-range bows and spears with metal tips.
The surviving heroic epic of the Sakha people tells about the leader Tygyn, the Toyon (head) of the Khangalas tribe who lived on the Tuimaada plain on the left bank of the Lena River (the territory of present-day Yakutsk). Tygyn owned huge herds and commanded an impressive army, thanks to which he gained influence among all Yakut clans. It is believed that due to his efforts to unite Yakut tribes in the XVII century Yakutia was on the verge of creating a unified state, which was prevented by the Moscow invasion.
Cossacks from Muscovy (Pantelei Demidovich Pyanda, Anton Dobrynsky and others) in the XVII century organized numerous campaigns in Siberia for yasak, accompanied by robbery and murder of the local population. In Russian chronicles these actual bandit raids were described as "bringing them under the sovereign's hand and collecting yasak".
The actions of the Cossacks were strongly opposed by the local population. There are many cases when Yakuts besieged and burned Russian ostrogi. For example, in 1631 the Yakuts besieged the Dobrynsky stockaded town at the mouth of the Vilyuy River, and in 1632 a thousand Yakut mounted warriors, led by the sons of Tygyn, wrested the looted yasak from the invaders from the group of the Moscow collector Ivashka Galkin. Nevertheless, the Yakuts' attempts to defend their lands and way of life led the Moscow tsar to increase the number of soldiers to "subdue" the unruly population of Siberia.
The year 1632 is considered to be a conventional date of "voluntary entry of Yakutia into the Russian state". In fact, there was no notion of any goodwill. Armed detachments of Russian Cossacks seized Yakut and Tungus settlements, plundered them, and the adult male population was either killed or taxed. From the texts of Russian documents from that period it can be concluded that the Russian invaders treated the local population with contempt, called them savages and foreigners, while engaging in outright robbery and violence.
There are seven major Yakut anti-colonial uprisings that took place during the period of the so-called "voluntary annexation": 1633-1634, 1636-1637, 1639-1640, 1642, 1675-1676, 1681-1682, and 1683-1684. Moscow was ready to hold Siberia at any price, because in the XVII century more than 60% of the infusions into the Kremlin treasury came from there. All rebellions were brutally suppressed, and local leaders were tortured and defiantly executed.
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Yakut nationalism
Yakut nationalism refers to the belief that the Yakuts (or Sakha) should constitute an independent nation. Some attempts have been made to create an independent state for the Yakut people, such as the Tungus Republic, while others aimed for higher autonomy within Russia, such as the Yakut revolt.
The formation of the Yakut people (Sakha) and its culture (language, religion, craftsmanship and agricultural practices) took place in territories far removed from the Middle Prileniya. The dominant concept in Yakut historiography is that of the multi-ethnic origin of the Sakha people. The basin of the Middle Lena attracted various tribes of nomadic herders as a place of permanent settlement for many centuries. In the spacious valleys on the left bank of the Lena (Erkeeni, Tuimaada, Ensieli, etc.), an ecosystem was formed that made it possible to live here all year round and graze cattle. It was here that the cultural core of the Yakut ethnos was formed.
At the time when colonizers from the Russian state arrived here in the XVII century, the Yakuts were mainly engaged in cattle breeding (cows, horses), wintering in warm stationary houses and migrating with herds in the warm season. The Sakha people had sufficiently developed metallurgy, which made it possible to equip warriors with iron armor, kylys, long-range bows and spears with metal tips.
The surviving heroic epic of the Sakha people tells about the leader Tygyn, the Toyon (head) of the Khangalas tribe who lived on the Tuimaada plain on the left bank of the Lena River (the territory of present-day Yakutsk). Tygyn owned huge herds and commanded an impressive army, thanks to which he gained influence among all Yakut clans. It is believed that due to his efforts to unite Yakut tribes in the XVII century Yakutia was on the verge of creating a unified state, which was prevented by the Moscow invasion.
Cossacks from Muscovy (Pantelei Demidovich Pyanda, Anton Dobrynsky and others) in the XVII century organized numerous campaigns in Siberia for yasak, accompanied by robbery and murder of the local population. In Russian chronicles these actual bandit raids were described as "bringing them under the sovereign's hand and collecting yasak".
The actions of the Cossacks were strongly opposed by the local population. There are many cases when Yakuts besieged and burned Russian ostrogi. For example, in 1631 the Yakuts besieged the Dobrynsky stockaded town at the mouth of the Vilyuy River, and in 1632 a thousand Yakut mounted warriors, led by the sons of Tygyn, wrested the looted yasak from the invaders from the group of the Moscow collector Ivashka Galkin. Nevertheless, the Yakuts' attempts to defend their lands and way of life led the Moscow tsar to increase the number of soldiers to "subdue" the unruly population of Siberia.
The year 1632 is considered to be a conventional date of "voluntary entry of Yakutia into the Russian state". In fact, there was no notion of any goodwill. Armed detachments of Russian Cossacks seized Yakut and Tungus settlements, plundered them, and the adult male population was either killed or taxed. From the texts of Russian documents from that period it can be concluded that the Russian invaders treated the local population with contempt, called them savages and foreigners, while engaging in outright robbery and violence.
There are seven major Yakut anti-colonial uprisings that took place during the period of the so-called "voluntary annexation": 1633-1634, 1636-1637, 1639-1640, 1642, 1675-1676, 1681-1682, and 1683-1684. Moscow was ready to hold Siberia at any price, because in the XVII century more than 60% of the infusions into the Kremlin treasury came from there. All rebellions were brutally suppressed, and local leaders were tortured and defiantly executed.
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