Yugra or Yugor Land (Russian: Югра, Югорский край; also spelled Iuhra in contemporary sources) was a collective name for lands and peoples in the region east of the northern Ural Mountains in modern Russia given by Russian chroniclers in the 12th to 17th centuries. During this period, the region was inhabited by the Khanty (Ostyaks) and Mansi (Voguls) peoples.

In a modern context, the term Yugra generally refers to a political constituent of the Russian Federation formally known as Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra, located in the lands historically known as Ioughoria. In modern Russian, this word is rendered "Югория" (Yugoria), and is used as a poetic synonym of the region.

At the beginning of the 16th century, the similarity between Yugria (the latinized form of the name) and ugry, an old Russian ethnonym for the Hungarians, was noted by scholars such as Maciej Miechowita. The modern name of the Ugric language family, which includes Khanty and Mansi together with Hungarian, was also adopted on the assumption that the two words share a common origin. However, even though the linguistic connection between the Ugric languages is well established, the etymological connection between Yugra and ugry is disputed. András Róna-Tas has suggested that the name Yugria is related to the 10th–11th century ethnic name Ugur, whereas the Hungarian ethnonym derives from On Ugur ('ten Oghurs').

From the 16th century onwards, Yugra was often assumed to be the Hungarians' ancestral home. Contemporary Uralic linguistics locates the Urheimat of the Ugric language family to Southwestern Siberia, at the margin of the Eurasian Steppe.

The Novgorodians were aware of the lands of Yugra from at least the 11th century, if not earlier, and launched expeditions to the region; the first mention of Siberia in chronicles is recorded in the year 1032. The term Yugra was first used in the 12th century. Novgorod established two trade routes to the Ob River, both starting from the town of Ustyug. The first route went along the Sukhona and Vychegda, then along the Usa to the lower reaches of the Ob. The second route went down the Northern Dvina, then along the coasts of the White Sea and Kara Sea, before reaching the mouth of the Ob.

The 12th-century missionary and traveller Abu Hamid al-Gharnati also gives one of the earliest accounts of the region, which he calls Yura in Arabic:

But beyond Wisu by the Sea of Darkness there lies a land known by the name of Yura. In summers the days are very long there, so that the Sun does not set for forty days, as the merchants say; but in winters the nights are equally long. The merchants report that Darkness is not far (from them), and that the people of Yura go there and enter it with torches, and find a huge tree there which is like a big village. But on top of the tree there sits a large creature, they say it is a bird. And they bring merchandise along, and each merchant sets down his goods apart from those of the others; and he makes a mark on them and leaves, but when he comes back, he finds commodities there, necessary for his own country ... (Al Garnati:32)

The Russians were attracted to Siberia by its furs, and the Novgorodians traded iron artefacts and textiles for fur. Yugorshchina, a trade association, was set up in Novgorod in the 14th century. The Novgorodians also launched military campaigns to extract tribute from the local population, but they often met resistance, such as in two expeditions in 1187 and 1193 mentioned in chronicles that were defeated. After Novgorod was annexed by Moscow in the 15th century, the newly emerging centralized Russian state also laid claim to the region, with Ivan III of Russia sending a large expeditionary force to Siberia in 1483 led by Fyodor Kurbsky, and another one in 1499–1500 under the command of Semyon Kurbsky. The Russians received tribute from the tribes, but contact with the tribes ceased after they left.