The 1993 NBA draft was the 47th annual draft of the National Basketball Association (NBA), held on June 30, 1993, at the Palace of Auburn Hills in Auburn Hills, Michigan.^[1] In a highly anticipated event, the Orlando Magic selected power forward Chris Webber, who was later inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2021, from the University of Michigan with the first overall pick, only to trade him immediately to the Golden State Warriors in exchange for point guard Anfernee "Penny" Hardaway from Memphis State University and three future first-round draft picks (in 1996, 1998, and 2000).^[2][3] This blockbuster deal, announced by NBA Commissioner David Stern during the proceedings, reshaped the futures of both franchises and highlighted the draft's dramatic opening moments.^[4] The draft featured 54 selections across two rounds, with 43 players ultimately appearing in at least one NBA game, underscoring its solid depth despite challenges like injuries that impacted several top talents.^[1] Following the trade, the next notable picks included center Shawn Bradley (second overall, Philadelphia 76ers from Brigham Young University), small forward Jamal Mashburn (fourth overall, Dallas Mavericks from the University of Kentucky), and shooting guard Isaiah Rider (fifth overall, Minnesota Timberwolves from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas).^[1] Lower in the first round, the Boston Celtics took small forward Vin Baker at No. 8, while the Washington Bullets selected shooting guard Calbert Cheaney at No. 6.^[1] Beyond the lottery selections, the 1993 class proved remarkably productive in its later rounds, yielding several steals who became key contributors and All-Stars.^[5] Standouts included point guard Sam Cassell (24th overall, Houston Rockets from Florida State University, one-time All-Star), point guard Nick Van Exel (37th overall, Los Angeles Lakers from the University of Cincinnati, one-time All-Star), and shooting guard Allan Houston (11th overall, Detroit Pistons from the University of Tennessee, two-time All-Star).^[1] In total, the draft produced seven All-Stars—Webber, Hardaway, Mashburn, Baker, Cassell, Van Exel, and Houston—along with two All-NBA First Team selections (Webber and Hardaway), though no MVPs emerged from the group due to a mix of injuries and unfulfilled potential among its stars.^[1][5] This combination of elite lottery talent and mid-to-late-round gems cemented the 1993 draft as one of the league's more balanced and influential classes of the early 1990s.^[6]

Background

Historical Context

The 1992-93 NBA season marked the third consecutive championship for the Chicago Bulls, who defeated the Phoenix Suns 4-2 in the NBA Finals, with Michael Jordan earning Finals MVP honors for his 41.0 points, 8.5 rebounds, and 6.3 assists per game average.^[7] The Suns, led by regular-season MVP Charles Barkley, who posted 25.6 points and 12.2 rebounds per game, had the league's best record at 62-20 but fell short in a competitive series highlighted by a triple-overtime Game 3 loss.^[8] The season also featured the debut impact of rookie standout Shaquille O'Neal with the Orlando Magic, who won Rookie of the Year with 23.4 points and 13.9 rebounds per game, signaling a new era of dominant big men.^[8] Amid this, several teams struggled with sub-.500 records, creating urgent needs for foundational talent; for instance, the expansion Orlando Magic, who had endured losing seasons of 18-64 in 1989-90 and 21-61 in both 1990-91 and 1991-92, improved to 41-41 in 1992-93 but missed the playoffs and entered the draft lottery seeking complementary stars to accelerate their rebuild around O'Neal.^[9][10] The NBA draft process had evolved significantly by 1993 to address competitive balance and discourage intentional tanking. Prior to 1985, playoff misses resulted in a coin flip or territorial picks for top selection; the lottery system introduced that year equalized chances among non-playoff teams but drew criticism for insufficient incentives against poor performance. In response, the league adopted a weighted lottery in October 1989 for the 1990 draft onward, assigning odds based on reverse order of regular-season records—the team with the worst record receiving a 16.7% chance (1-in-6) at the No. 1 pick, tapering to 0.5% for the seventh-worst team—while ensuring no better-than-fourth placement for the top seeds to prevent extreme manipulation.^[11][12] This system, in place for the 1993 lottery, redistributed picks more equitably among the 11 non-playoff teams, fostering anticipation for how struggling franchises like the 11-71 Dallas Mavericks or 19-63 Minnesota Timberwolves might leverage their high odds.^[13] Pre-draft scouting generated significant buzz around elite college talents, particularly Michigan's Chris Webber and Memphis State's Anfernee "Penny" Hardaway, both projected as franchise cornerstones. Webber, a 6-foot-10 forward and key member of Michigan's "Fab Five" alongside Jalen Rose, Juwan Howard, Jimmy King, and Ray Jackson, led the Wolverines to back-to-back NCAA Championship appearances, including a 71-51 loss to Duke in the 1992 final and a 77-71 defeat to North Carolina in 1993 after his infamous timeout blunder, while earning consensus All-American honors with averages of 19.2 points, 10.1 rebounds, and 2.5 assists in 1992-93.^[14][15][16] Hardaway, a versatile 6-foot-7 guard, dazzled at Memphis State with 22.8 points, 8.5 rebounds, and 6.4 assists per game in his junior year, guiding the Tigers to a 20-12 record and second-place conference finish despite postseason ineligibility due to prior violations, and was named Great Midwest Conference Player of the Year as a top-5 draft prospect.^[17][18] These achievements fueled expectations that the 1993 class could deliver immediate impact players to revitalize lottery teams.^[1] The 1993 NBA draft took place on June 30 at The Palace of Auburn Hills in Auburn Hills, Michigan, consisting of two rounds and 54 total selections across 27 teams, with picks distributed via the weighted lottery for the top choices and reverse order for the rest.^[1]

Draft Lottery

The NBA draft lottery for the 1993 draft utilized the weighted ping-pong ball system established in 1985 to randomize the selection order for the top three picks among the league's 11 non-playoff teams. Under this format, 66 ping-pong balls numbered 1 through 66 were placed in a lottery machine, with each team assigned a number of balls proportional to their inverse regular-season performance—the worst record receiving 11 balls, the second-worst 10, and decreasing by one down to 1 ball for the best non-playoff team. Four balls were drawn sequentially to determine the combinations corresponding to the first, second, and third picks; if a team drew multiple times, they retained the highest position, while picks 4 through 11 followed the reverse order of records. This setup aimed to give struggling franchises a better chance at premium talent while introducing an element of chance to discourage intentional tanking.^[19] The participating teams and their assigned odds for the No. 1 pick, based on 1992–93 regular-season records, were as follows: The lottery took place on May 22, 1993, at NBA Entertainment Studios in Secaucus, New Jersey, with team representatives present as commissioner David Stern announced the results.^[19] In an extraordinary upset, the Orlando Magic drew the first combination despite holding the lowest probability at 1.5%, securing the No. 1 pick and becoming the first team to win consecutive lotteries since the system's inception. The Philadelphia 76ers followed with the No. 2 selection, while the Golden State Warriors landed No. 3; Dallas, the heavy favorite, dropped to fourth.^[20][21] This outcome amplified the lottery's drama, as Orlando's repeat success—just two years after an expansion franchise drafted a generational talent—fueled widespread excitement and initial skepticism regarding the process's integrity, though investigations confirmed the draws were legitimate.^[22]

Eligibility

Rules and Requirements

The eligibility rules for the 1993 NBA draft were established under the league's new collective bargaining agreement (CBA), which set specific criteria for prospective players. For U.S. players, eligibility required graduation from high school (or equivalent), with no minimum age or post-graduation wait period. Early entry without financial hardship was permitted starting in 1990, enabling underclassmen to declare by the deadline.^[23] For U.S. college players, eligibility varied by academic status: seniors and those whose college eligibility had expired were automatically included in the draft pool. Underclassmen, however, needed to declare as early entrants to forgo remaining college eligibility, a process facilitated by rule changes from 1990 that permitted such declarations without requiring proof of financial hardship.^[24] The deadline for these early entry declarations was April 28, 1993, after which underclassmen could not join the draft unless automatically eligible.^[25] International players faced slightly different standards under the 1993 CBA, requiring them to be at least 18 years old during the draft year. Amateurs from abroad could enter without prior professional experience, while those with FIBA-sanctioned professional play were also eligible if they met the age requirement and declared appropriately, broadening the pool beyond domestic college talent.^[26]

Early Entrants

The 1993 NBA draft saw approximately 20 underclassmen and other eligible players declare early entry, reflecting a growing trend of college players forgoing remaining eligibility amid projections of professional success and financial opportunities. Early entrants were required to notify the NBA by April 28, 1993, and had until approximately 10 days before the June 30 draft to withdraw their names, allowing many to return to school after feedback from workouts and scouting reports.^[25][23] College Underclassmen
Several prominent college juniors declared early, driven by strong performances and expectations of high draft placement. Chris Webber, a junior forward at Michigan, announced his entry on May 5, 1993, after two seasons, citing his status as a projected No. 1 overall pick following a sophomore year where he averaged 17.6 points, 10.9 rebounds, and 3.7 assists per game. Anfernee "Penny" Hardaway, a junior guard at Memphis State, entered after leading his team to a 22-8 record, averaging 22.8 points, 8.5 rebounds, 6.4 assists, and 2.4 steals in 1992-93, positioning himself as a top lottery prospect. Jamal Mashburn, a junior forward at Kentucky, declared after a breakout season with 21.0 points, 8.4 rebounds, and 2.5 assists per game, earning consensus All-American honors and viewing the NBA as the next step in his development. Other notable college underclassmen included Jaron Boone (UNLV junior), Keith Russell (Cincinnati junior), and Roy Thomas (Kansas junior), many of whom entered seeking professional exposure despite lower projections.^[27][28] International Players
International early entry was limited but included Etienne Preira, a forward from Senegal playing professionally for ADA Blois in France's second division. At age 20, Preira declared to test NBA interest after a season abroad, highlighting the emerging pathway for overseas prospects under NBA rules allowing players at least 18 years old with professional experience to enter early. No other prominent international underclassmen or pros declared specifically for 1993, though the pool underscored the league's gradual internationalization.^[29][30] Other Eligible
Non-college U.S. players were sparse, with freshmen and juniors from junior colleges representing alternative paths. Antonio Bowen, a freshman forward from Northern Oklahoma Junior College, entered after a standout season, exemplifying the inclusion of JUCO talents seeking a shortcut to the pros. Although high school players were eligible if their class had graduated, none declared or were drafted in 1993, and special cases like military or preparatory academy athletes were absent.^[31]

Draft Selections

First Round

The first round of the 1993 NBA draft consisted of 27 selections made by NBA teams on June 30, 1993, at the Palace of Auburn Hills in Auburn Hills, Michigan. This round showcased a strong concentration of talent, particularly in the top 10 picks, several of whom became perennial All-Stars and key contributors to championship teams. While not all selections panned out immediately, the class laid the foundation for impactful players across positions, with many drafted from prominent college programs.^[1][32] The following table lists all first-round picks, including the drafting team, player's college or background, position, height, and brief notes on immediate outcomes where applicable. Overall, the first round emphasized versatile forwards and guards from major college conferences, with several picks involving international or junior college backgrounds adding diversity.^[1][33]

Second Round

The second round of the 1993 NBA draft consisted of 27 selections, made by teams seeking depth and potential contributors, though the talent level and success rate dropped noticeably compared to the first round.^[1] These picks often included international prospects and college players from mid-major programs, with many failing to secure long-term NBA roles due to limited athleticism or skill sets relative to professional demands.^[1] The following table lists all second-round selections, including the overall pick number, player name, college or previous team, drafting team, and a note on NBA participation: ^[33][1] Notable second-round success stories included Bryon Russell, who became a key defensive player for the Utah Jazz after being drafted by Golden State (traded pre-season), contributing to two NBA Finals appearances, and Chris Whitney, who developed into a reliable point guard over 11 seasons.^[1] However, 11 of the 27 second-round picks never appeared in an NBA regular-season game, highlighting the high risk and low immediate impact typical of late-draft selections in this era.^[1] Overall, approximately 50% of second-rounders made NBA rosters, a stark contrast to the near-universal success of first-round picks.^[1]

Trades

Pre-Draft Trades

Several trades involving rights to 1993 NBA draft picks occurred prior to the June 30, 1993, draft date, primarily during the 1992-93 season's early months. These transactions typically saw teams exchanging established players for draft assets to bolster immediate rosters or reposition for the upcoming lottery and selections. While no major swaps directly altered top lottery positions, they redistributed mid-to-late first-round and second-round picks among contenders and rebuilding franchises, influencing pick values and team strategies leading into the draft.^[34] Notable pre-draft trades included the following:

• September 8, 1992: The Detroit Pistons acquired Isaiah Morris and the Miami Heat's 1993 first-round pick (No. 10 overall, later used to select Lindsey Hunter) from the Heat in exchange for John Salley. This deal provided Detroit with additional lottery flexibility amid their transition from the "Bad Boys" era, while Miami added veteran depth.^[35]
• September 22, 1992: In a three-team transaction, the New York Knicks sent Mark Jackson and their 1993 first-round pick (No. 26 overall, later used to select Geert Hammink) to the Orlando Magic; the Magic sent center Stanley Roberts to the Los Angeles Clippers; and the Clippers sent forward Charles Smith to the Knicks. The trade enhanced Orlando's backcourt and frontcourt options ahead of their lottery win, while the Knicks prioritized immediate win-now moves.^[36]
• October 26, 1992: The Denver Nuggets traded their 1993 second-round pick (No. 48 overall, later used to select Kevin Thompson) to the Portland Trail Blazers in exchange for point guard Robert Pack. This swap addressed Denver's need for playmaking during a rebuilding year, at the cost of late-round asset depth.^[34]
• November 25, 1992: The Sacramento Kings traded guard Vincent Askew to the Seattle SuperSonics for Seattle's 1993 second-round pick (No. 52 overall, later used to select Mike Peplowski). Sacramento shed salary and gained a minor asset, while Seattle bolstered its bench scoring.^[37]
• December 9, 1992: The Charlotte Hornets acquired forward Sidney Green, the San Antonio Spurs' protected 1993 first-round pick (conveyed as No. 20 overall, later used to select Scott Burrell), and a 1996 second-round pick from the Spurs in exchange for forward J.R. Reid. The deal allowed Charlotte to regain control of a mid-first-round selection amid injury concerns with Reid, while San Antonio addressed forward depth for their playoff push.^[38]

These exchanges had modest but targeted impacts, such as bolstering Detroit and Charlotte's draft positioning without disrupting lottery odds significantly. Overall, they reflected the NBA's mid-1990s trend of using draft picks as currency for veteran acquisitions, setting the stage for more fluid asset management on draft night.^[39]

Draft-Night Trades

The 1993 NBA Draft, held on June 30 at the Palace of Auburn Hills in Michigan, featured several trades announced during the broadcast, with the most prominent being a blockbuster deal between the Orlando Magic and Golden State Warriors. With the first overall pick, the Magic selected Michigan forward Chris Webber, a consensus All-American and National Player of the Year. Immediately following the selection, NBA Commissioner David Stern approached the podium and, after a prolonged pause that built anticipation and confusion among the crowd, announced that the Magic had traded Webber's draft rights to the Warriors. The delay, lasting nearly a minute, led to a standing ovation for Webber as fans initially celebrated the local hero's selection, only for boos to follow upon the trade revelation, creating one of the most dramatic moments in draft history.^[40][41] In exchange for Webber, the Magic received the Warriors' third overall pick, Memphis State guard Anfernee "Penny" Hardaway, along with three future first-round draft picks from Golden State in 1996, 1998, and 2000. The Warriors, seeking to pair Webber with Tim Hardaway and Chris Mullin, viewed the acquisition as a franchise-altering move to contend in the Western Conference. For Orlando, who already had center Shaquille O'Neal from the previous draft, the trade addressed positional needs by adding a versatile point guard in Hardaway while acquiring valuable future assets to build around their young core. The 1996 pick (11th overall) was used by the Orlando Magic to select center Todd Fuller from North Carolina State University; the 1998 pick (5th overall) led to the selection of small forward Vince Carter by the Golden State Warriors, who was immediately traded to the Toronto Raptors for forward Antawn Jamison (selected 4th overall by Toronto); and the 2000 pick (9th overall) was traded by Orlando to the Denver Nuggets for guard Nick Anderson and a 2001 second-round pick, with Denver using it to select forward Donnell Harvey from Georgia.^[2][42][43] Beyond the marquee Webber-Hardaway swap, several minor trades occurred during the draft night proceedings, involving later selections and player rights. For instance, the Dallas Mavericks acquired forward Popeye Jones from the Houston Rockets in exchange for their second-round pick (33rd overall, Eric Riley). Other deals included the Milwaukee Bucks trading their 21st overall pick to the Orlando Magic for cash considerations, with Orlando selecting forward Geert Hammink and later trading his rights to the Golden State Warriors. These transactions, while less headline-grabbing, facilitated roster adjustments and pick reallocations among rebuilding teams.^[1][44]

Player Outcomes

Notable Drafted Players

The 1993 NBA draft produced several standout players who achieved significant success in their professional careers. Chris Webber, selected first overall by the Orlando Magic (and immediately traded to the Golden State Warriors), emerged as one of the class's premier talents, earning five All-Star selections, the 1993-94 Rookie of the Year award, and accumulating 84.7 career Win Shares before being inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2021.^[45][46] Anfernee "Penny" Hardaway, picked third overall by the Golden State Warriors (and traded to the Orlando Magic), became a four-time All-Star and played a pivotal role in the Magic's run to the 1995 NBA Finals, where he averaged 19.6 points and 7.7 assists per game during the postseason.^[47][48] Other top performers included Jamal Mashburn, selected fourth overall by the Dallas Mavericks, who earned one All-Star nod and averaged 19.1 points per game over his 11-season career.^[49] Sam Cassell, taken 24th overall by the Houston Rockets, secured one All-Star appearance and won NBA championships in 1994, 1995 with Houston and 2008 with the Boston Celtics, finishing with 87.5 career Win Shares.^[50] Vin Baker, the 8th pick by the Milwaukee Bucks, made four All-Star teams and was a key frontcourt scorer early in his career.^[51] Mid-round selections also yielded notable contributors, such as Allan Houston, chosen 11th overall (first round) by the Detroit Pistons, who earned two All-Star selections and became a reliable sharpshooter for the New York Knicks.^[52] Nick Van Exel, a second-round pick (37th overall) by the Los Angeles Lakers, made one All-Star team and provided steady point guard play across multiple franchises.^[53] Overall, the draft class featured seven All-Stars and numerous significant contributors among its first-round selections, with 43 of the 54 draftees appearing in NBA games and the group collectively amassing substantial playing time and impact through long careers.^[1] For contrast, high picks like second overall selection Shawn Bradley had extended careers but limited individual impact, highlighting the class's variability.

Notable Undrafted Players

While the 1993 NBA draft produced several star players, a small number of undrafted free agents from that class also carved out meaningful NBA careers, often through perseverance in minor leagues or overseas play. Approximately five to seven players from the 1993 undrafted pool appeared in at least one NBA game, underscoring the rarity of success for those overlooked in the draft.^[54] Among the most prominent were Bruce Bowen, Bo Outlaw, and Aaron Williams, who became reliable contributors known for defense and hustle. Bruce Bowen, a 6-foot-7 forward from California State University, Fullerton, signed with the Miami Heat as an undrafted free agent in 1997 after stints in the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) and professional leagues in France and Turkey. Over 12 NBA seasons primarily with the San Antonio Spurs, he appeared in 844 regular-season games, averaging 6.3 points and 3.0 rebounds while earning three All-Defensive Second Team selections (2002–2004) for his perimeter defense. Bowen won three NBA championships with the Spurs in 2003, 2005, and 2007, becoming a key role player in their dynasty. Bo Outlaw, a 6-foot-8 forward from the University of Houston, secured an NBA roster spot immediately after the draft by signing with the Orlando Magic as an undrafted free agent in July 1993. He played 14 seasons across seven teams, logging 713 games with averages of 3.9 points and 3.3 rebounds, valued for his shot-blocking (0.5 blocks per game) and energy off the bench. Outlaw's longevity highlighted the value of undrafted players in providing depth during the 1990s and 2000s.^[55] Aaron Williams, a 6-foot-9 forward-center from Xavier University, initially signed with the Utah Jazz as an undrafted free agent in November 1993 but was waived before playing; he debuted in the NBA with the Portland Trail Blazers in 1995 after CBA experience. In nine seasons, mostly with Portland, he played 577 games, averaging 5.8 points and 3.9 rebounds, serving as a versatile big man in playoff rotations. Williams retired in 2003 after contributing to the Blazers' deep postseason runs in the late 1990s and early 2000s.^[56][57] Other undrafted players from the class, such as Ashraf Amaya and Dexter Boney, had shorter stints: Amaya appeared in 85 games over two seasons (1995–1997) with the Vancouver Grizzlies and Washington Bullets, averaging 4.5 points and 4.2 rebounds, while Boney played eight games for the Phoenix Suns in 1997, averaging 2.4 points. These cases exemplify how undrafted talents often relied on summer leagues, training camps, and G League predecessors to break into the league, contrasting with the more direct paths of drafted players.^[58][59]

Impact and Legacy

Career Achievements

The 1993 NBA draft class produced one inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame: Chris Webber, selected first overall and enshrined in 2021 for his versatile play as a power forward, including five All-Star selections and a Rookie of the Year award.^[45] No other players from the class have been inducted as of 2025, though Anfernee "Penny" Hardaway remains a strong candidate after being nominated multiple times, most recently for the class of 2025, due to his dynamic guard play and four All-Star appearances before injuries curtailed his career.^[60] The class collectively earned 18 All-Star selections across seven players: Webber (5), Hardaway (4), Vin Baker (4), Sam Cassell (1), Jamal Mashburn (1), Allan Houston (2), and Nick Van Exel (1).^[1] Webber also won the NBA Rookie of the Year award in 1994, averaging 17.5 points, 9.1 rebounds, and 2.2 blocks per game as a rookie with the Golden State Warriors. Several players contributed to NBA championships, including Cassell, who won titles with the Houston Rockets in 1995 and the Boston Celtics in 2008, providing key bench scoring in both runs.^[50] In terms of statistical impact, the draft class accumulated over 700 total Win Shares, with Sam Cassell leading at 87.5 and Webber close behind at 84.7, reflecting their roles as high-efficiency leaders on contending teams.^[1] First-round picks from the class averaged approximately 9.1 years in the NBA, though stars like Hardaway saw their primes shortened by chronic knee injuries, limiting him to 14 seasons overall after early All-NBA honors.^[61]

Historical Significance

The 1993 NBA draft profoundly shaped several franchises' trajectories through key acquisitions and selections. The Orlando Magic's draft-night trade for Anfernee "Penny" Hardaway from the Golden State Warriors, pairing him with incumbent star Shaquille O'Neal, catalyzed a rapid rise, propelling the team to the NBA Finals in 1995 after sweeping the Chicago Bulls in the Eastern Conference semifinals.^[62] In contrast, the Warriors' acquisition of Chris Webber initiated a promising but short-lived era marred by internal conflicts, including Webber's public feud with coach Don Nelson, which led to his trade demand after just one season and contributed to the team's playoff drought extending until 2007.^[63] Meanwhile, the Philadelphia 76ers' selection of Shawn Bradley at No. 2 overall is widely regarded as a significant misstep, with Bradley's limited offensive contributions and injury-prone tenure failing to anchor the post-Charles Barkley rebuild, earning it a reputation as one of the decade's worst high picks.^[64] The draft's reputation is that of a top-heavy class brimming with potential but undermined by injuries and underperformance, particularly in the mid-first round. Stars like Hardaway and Jamal Mashburn delivered All-Star caliber play early on but saw their primes curtailed by knee injuries, while No. 6 pick Calbert Cheaney provided solid but unremarkable production over 13 seasons, averaging 9.5 points per game and never earning All-Star honors, exemplifying the bust potential beyond the lottery.^[65][66] This pattern contributed to an "overrated" label for the class, as initial hype around its talent depth gave way to realizations of fragility and inconsistency. On a broader scale, the 1993 draft underscored the entertainment value of draft-night trades, epitomized by the dramatic on-stage revelation of the Webber-Hardaway swap by Commissioner David Stern, which became an iconic moment in NBA history and popularized real-time deal announcements.^[67] It also influenced subsequent league strategies, including adjustments to the draft lottery system post-1993 to reduce the chances of repeat winners like the Magic, who defied 1.5% odds for consecutive No. 1 picks in 1992 and 1993, thereby curbing perceived inequities in asset distribution.^[68] As of 2025, the class is viewed as above average despite lacking a transcendent superstar, producing seven All-Stars compared to the deeper 1992 class (featuring O'Neal and Alonzo Mourning) but surpassing the thinner 1994 group in overall All-Star output and longevity.^[69]