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from Wikipedia
| Years |
|---|
| Millennium |
| 1st millennium |
| Centuries |
| Decades |
| Years |
| 804 by topic |
|---|
| Leaders |
| Categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 804 DCCCIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 1557 |
| Armenian calendar | 253 ԹՎ ՄԾԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5554 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 725–726 |
| Bengali calendar | 210–211 |
| Berber calendar | 1754 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1348 |
| Burmese calendar | 166 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6312–6313 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸未年 (Water Goat) 3501 or 3294 — to — 甲申年 (Wood Monkey) 3502 or 3295 |
| Coptic calendar | 520–521 |
| Discordian calendar | 1970 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 796–797 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4564–4565 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 860–861 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 725–726 |
| - Kali Yuga | 3904–3905 |
| Holocene calendar | 10804 |
| Iranian calendar | 182–183 |
| Islamic calendar | 188–189 |
| Japanese calendar | Enryaku 23 (延暦２３年) |
| Javanese calendar | 699–700 |
| Julian calendar | 804 DCCCIV |
| Korean calendar | 3137 |
| Minguo calendar | 1108 before ROC 民前1108年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −664 |
| Seleucid era | 1115/1116 AG |
| Thai solar calendar | 1346–1347 |
| Tibetan calendar | ཆུ་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་ (female Water-Sheep) 930 or 549 or −223 — to — ཤིང་ཕོ་སྤྲེ་ལོ་ (male Wood-Monkey) 931 or 550 or −222 |
Year 804 (DCCCIV) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.
Events
[edit]By place
[edit]Abbasid Caliphate
[edit]- Battle of Krasos: Emperor Nikephoros I refuses to pay the tribute imposed by Caliph Harun al-Rashid of the Abbasid Caliphate. A Muslim-Arab expeditionary force invades Asia Minor. During a surprise attack, Nikephoros suffers a major defeat against the Saracens at Krasos in Phrygia. According to Arabian sources, the Byzantines lose 40,700 men and 4,000 pack animals, while Nikephoros himself is almost killed, but saved by the bravery of his officers.[1][2]
- Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid marries Abbasa, the daughter of Abbasid prince and official Sulayman.
Europe
[edit]- Summer – Emperor Charlemagne finishes the conquest of Saxony. The Carolingian administration in the north is restored and the diocese of Bremen is re-established.[3] Venice, torn by infighting, switches allegiance from Constantinople to King Pepin of Italy, son of Charlemagne.
- Obelerio degli Antenori becomes the ninth doge of Venice, after his predecessor Giovanni Galbaio flees to Mantua, where he is killed.
- The Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabrück is founded by Charlemagne (the oldest school in Germany).[4]
Asia
[edit]- Kūkai, Japanese Buddhist monk, travels in a government-sponsored expedition to China, in order to learn more about the Mahavairocana Sutra. He brings back texts of Shingon (Esoteric Buddhism).
- Priest Saichō, patriarch of Tendai Buddhism, visits China and reportedly brings back tea seeds (or 805).
- The Inscription of Sukabumi from Eastern Java marks the beginning of the Javanese language.
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- Ludger, Frisian missionary, becomes the first bishop of Münster, and builds a monastery there.
Births
[edit]- Bayazid Bastami, Persian Sufi (d. 874)
- Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, Japanese regent (d. 872)
Deaths
[edit]- May 19 – Alcuin, bishop and advisor to Charlemagne
- October 1 – Richbod, archbishop of Trier
- Saint Abundantia, Christian saint
- Giovanni Galbaio, doge of Venice (approximate date)
- Ibrahim al-Mawsili, musician and singer (b. 742)
- Lu Yu, Chinese author of The Classic of Tea (b. 733)
- Ragnar Lothbrok Legendary Norse Viking hero and Scandinavian King.
References
[edit]- ^ Bosworth 1989, p. 248; Mango & Scott 1997, p. 660
- ^ Treadgold 1988, p. 135
- ^ Nicolle 2014, p. 83.
- ^ The building of the Gymnasium Carolinum, Osnabrück Archived May 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Accessed October 2008
Sources
[edit]- Bosworth, C. E., ed. (1989). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXX: The ʿAbbāsid Caliphate in Equilibrium: The Caliphates of Mūsā al-Hādī and Hārūn al-Rashīd, A.D. 785–809/A.H. 169–192. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-564-4.
- Mango, Cyril; Scott, Roger (1997). The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822568-7.
- Nicolle, David (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5.
- Treadgold, Warren (1988). The Byzantine Revival, 780–842. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1462-4.
from Grokipedia
Events
Europe
In 804, Charlemagne led a final campaign against the Saxons north of the Elbe River, resulting in the forced deportation of approximately 10,000 individuals from both banks of the estuary to Frankish territories south of the river, a measure aimed at breaking resistance and securing permanent control.[1] This action effectively concluded the Saxon Wars (772–804), a series of conflicts characterized by Saxon revolts, mass executions, and coerced baptisms, integrating the region into the Carolingian Empire and advancing its Christianization.[2][1] The Royal Frankish Annals, a contemporary court chronicle, document these deportations as a culmination of Charlemagne's strategy to pacify Saxony after repeated uprisings, shifting Frankish focus toward border defenses against emerging Danish threats under King Godfred.[3]Near East
In 804, tensions escalated between the Abbasid Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire over tribute payments, leading to military confrontations along their shared frontier in Anatolia. Caliph Harun al-Rashid, who had received annual tribute from Byzantine emperors since 782, demanded continuation of the payments after Emperor Nikephoros I ascended the throne in 802 and withheld them to bolster imperial finances. Harun responded with punitive raids into Byzantine territory, culminating in a major Abbasid expedition in late summer under the command of general Ibrahim ibn Jibril, targeting Asia Minor.[4] The resulting Battle of Krasos in August 804 marked a significant Byzantine victory. Nikephoros I personally led his forces to intercept the invaders near the Halys River in Cappadocia, surprising the Abbasid army and inflicting severe casualties—chroniclers report up to 40,000 Arab deaths, including the drowning of many in the river during retreat. This defeat temporarily halted Abbasid offensives, forcing Harun to redirect resources eastward amid internal concerns, though skirmishes persisted into 805 before a truce restored tribute flows. The battle highlighted Nikephoros's aggressive fiscal and military reforms, contrasting with Harun's reliance on frontier jihad for caliphal prestige.[4][5] No major internal rebellions or provincial upheavals are recorded in core Abbasid territories like Mesopotamia or the Levant for that year, with Harun focusing on stabilizing court factions in Baghdad.[6]Asia
In 804, Emperor Kanmu of Japan dispatched the eleventh official kentōshi (embassy) to Tang China, led by Fujiwara no Kadonomaro, as part of efforts to maintain diplomatic, cultural, and technological exchanges during the early Heian period. This mission, departing from Japan that year, arrived in China amid the Tang dynasty's late prosperity under Emperor Dezong, facilitating the importation of advanced knowledge in governance, arts, and religion.[7] Accompanying the embassy were influential monks Saichō (767–822) and Kūkai (774–835), who, though not formal delegates, received imperial permission to travel for study. Saichō, upon returning in 805, established the Tendai sect on Mount Hiei, emphasizing esoteric and exoteric Buddhist synthesis drawn from Chinese Tiantai traditions. Kūkai, studying longer until 806, introduced Shingon Buddhism, focusing on tantric practices and mandalas, which he disseminated through temples like Tō-ji in Kyoto, marking a pivotal shift toward mikkyō (esoteric Buddhism) in Japanese religious landscape.[7][8] No major military conflicts or dynastic changes are recorded in East Asia for 804, contrasting with prior Tang-Tibetan border skirmishes; the year reflected relative stability, with Tang merchants increasingly employing early credit instruments like feiqian (flying cash) for trade, predating widespread paper money.[9] In the Korean kingdoms, particularly Silla, cultural continuity prevailed without noted upheavals, while South and Southeast Asia saw no verifiable empire-founding or conquests specific to this year amid ongoing regional polities like the Pala in Bengal and Sailendra in Java.Religious and Cultural Developments
Christianity
In 804, the death of Alcuin of York marked the passing of a pivotal figure in the Carolingian Renaissance, which revitalized Christian learning and liturgical practices in Western Europe. Alcuin (c. 735–804), an Anglo-Saxon scholar who served as abbot of Tours from 796, had advised Charlemagne on education, theology, and scripture revision, including efforts to standardize the Vulgate Bible and promote the seven liberal arts within monastic schools.[10][11] His influence helped integrate classical knowledge with Christian doctrine, fostering a scriptorium tradition that preserved texts amid post-Roman fragmentation, though his later years emphasized monastic reform over court politics.[12] The year also saw the culmination of the Saxon Wars (772–804), as Charlemagne's Frankish forces decisively crushed the final Saxon resistance, leading to the region's incorporation into the Frankish Empire and widespread coerced Christianization. Following the defeat of rebels under leaders like Widukind's successors, Charlemagne mandated mass baptisms, destroyed pagan sites such as the Irminsul pillar (earlier in the wars but emblematic), and resettled thousands of Saxons to integrate them into Christian society, with estimates of deportations exceeding 10,000 individuals to dilute pagan strongholds.[2] This expansion enforced Trinitarian Christianity through royal capitularies like the Sachsenhauptsache of 797, blending missionary efforts with military suppression, though it involved executions and enslavements that highlighted tensions between evangelization and imperial coercion.[13][1] These developments underscored Christianity's consolidation in Francia, where ecclesiastical structures supported imperial unity, yet relied on state power for enforcement, setting precedents for medieval Christendom's interplay of faith and conquest. No major doctrinal councils or papal events are recorded for 804, but the year's outcomes reinforced the alliance between the Carolingian court and the church hierarchy.[2]Islam
In 804 CE (189 AH), Ali ibn Hamza al-Kisa'i died in Al-Rayy, a prominent grammarian and one of the seven canonical reciters (qurra) of the Quran, whose Kufan school of recitation emphasized linguistic precision in tajwid and contributed to the standardization of Quranic readings during the Abbasid era.[14] Al-Kisa'i's death, reportedly attended by Caliph Harun al-Rashid, underscored the caliph's patronage of adab (belles-lettres) and religious scholarship amid ongoing efforts to consolidate orthodox Sunni interpretations.[14] Culturally, 804 marked the death of musician Ibrahim al-Mawsili, a favored court artist of Harun al-Rashid whose theoretical writings and compositions helped formalize maqam-based Arabic music, bridging pre-Islamic traditions with Abbasid-era innovations in performance and instrumentation.[15] These losses occurred against the backdrop of Harun's reign, which prioritized orthodox religious policies, including suppression of heterodox sects, while fostering intellectual hubs in Baghdad that propelled advancements in fiqh, grammar, and adab.Births
- Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, Japanese statesman and regent.[16]
- Bayazid Bastami, Persian Sufi mystic.
Deaths
- May 19 – Alcuin, Anglo-Saxon scholar, poet, and cleric (b. c. 735)[17]