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Doge of Venice
The doge of Venice (/doʊdʒ/ DOHJ) – in Venetian, doxe de Venexia [ˈdoze de veˈnɛsja] – was the doge or highest role of authority within the Republic of Venice (697–1797). The word doge derives from the Latin dux, meaning 'leader', and Venetian for 'duke', highest official of the republic of Venice for over 1,000 years. In Italian, the cognate is duce (/duːtʃeɪ/ DOO-chay, Italian: [ˈduːt͡ʃe]), one of National Fascist Party leader Benito Mussolini's titles. The title is also cognate to the English "duke", with a different meaning.
Originally referring to any military leader, it became in the Late Roman Empire the title for a leader of an expeditionary force formed by detachments (vexillationes) from the frontier army (limitanei), separate from, but subject to, the governor of a province, authorized to conduct operations beyond provincial boundaries.
The doge of Venice acted as both the head of state and head of the Venetian oligarchy. Doges were elected for life through a complex voting process.
The office and title of doge, in relation to Venetia (region) and Venice (city), emerged from older ducal offices (lat. Dux) that existed in the late Roman and early Byzantine empires.
During the second half of the 6th and throughout the 7th century, Byzantine province of Venetia was gradually reduced to coastal lagoons, while the hinterland was occupied by the Lombards. The remaining Byzantine regions along the coast were governed by a magister militum, subordinated to the imperial exarch of Ravenna. Thus, in 639, provincial governor of Byzantine Venetia was magister militum Mauricius, and the same office was in the first half of the 8th century held by Marcellus, as recorded in a later document known as Pactum Lotharii (840). Initially, the seat of local administration was situated in Oderzo, and later moved first to Eraclea (Cittanova), and than to Malamocco, to be finally settled in Rialto (lat. civitas Rivoalti, the Venice proper) since the first half of the 9th century.
The first historically attested doge was Orso Ipato, who served in the first half of the 8th century, while accounts on his alleged predecessors Paolo Lucio Anafesto and Marcello Tegalliano were created by later Venetian chronicler John the Deacon at the beginning of the 11th century, and then expanded by later chroniclers. According to modern scholars, those accounts are not considered as reliable.
In the latter half of the eighth century, Mauritius Galba was elected doge and took the title magister militum, consul et imperialis dux Veneciarum provinciae, 'master of the soldiers, consul and imperial duke of the province of Venice'. Doge Justinian Partecipacius (d. 829) used the title imperialis hypatus et humilis dux provinciae Venetiarum, 'imperial hypatos and humble duke of Venice'.
These early titles combined Byzantine honorifics and explicit reference to Venice's subordinate status. Titles like hypatos, spatharios, protospatharios, protosebastos and protoproedros were granted by the emperor to the recipient for life but were not inherent in the office (ἀξία διὰ βραβείου, axia dia brabeiou), but the title doux belonged to the office (ἀξία διὰ λόγου, axia dia logou). Thus, into the eleventh century the Venetian doges held titles typical of Byzantine rulers in outlying regions, such as Sardinia. As late as 1202, the Doge Enrico Dandolo was styled protosebastos, a title granted to him by Alexios III Angelos.
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Doge of Venice
The doge of Venice (/doʊdʒ/ DOHJ) – in Venetian, doxe de Venexia [ˈdoze de veˈnɛsja] – was the doge or highest role of authority within the Republic of Venice (697–1797). The word doge derives from the Latin dux, meaning 'leader', and Venetian for 'duke', highest official of the republic of Venice for over 1,000 years. In Italian, the cognate is duce (/duːtʃeɪ/ DOO-chay, Italian: [ˈduːt͡ʃe]), one of National Fascist Party leader Benito Mussolini's titles. The title is also cognate to the English "duke", with a different meaning.
Originally referring to any military leader, it became in the Late Roman Empire the title for a leader of an expeditionary force formed by detachments (vexillationes) from the frontier army (limitanei), separate from, but subject to, the governor of a province, authorized to conduct operations beyond provincial boundaries.
The doge of Venice acted as both the head of state and head of the Venetian oligarchy. Doges were elected for life through a complex voting process.
The office and title of doge, in relation to Venetia (region) and Venice (city), emerged from older ducal offices (lat. Dux) that existed in the late Roman and early Byzantine empires.
During the second half of the 6th and throughout the 7th century, Byzantine province of Venetia was gradually reduced to coastal lagoons, while the hinterland was occupied by the Lombards. The remaining Byzantine regions along the coast were governed by a magister militum, subordinated to the imperial exarch of Ravenna. Thus, in 639, provincial governor of Byzantine Venetia was magister militum Mauricius, and the same office was in the first half of the 8th century held by Marcellus, as recorded in a later document known as Pactum Lotharii (840). Initially, the seat of local administration was situated in Oderzo, and later moved first to Eraclea (Cittanova), and than to Malamocco, to be finally settled in Rialto (lat. civitas Rivoalti, the Venice proper) since the first half of the 9th century.
The first historically attested doge was Orso Ipato, who served in the first half of the 8th century, while accounts on his alleged predecessors Paolo Lucio Anafesto and Marcello Tegalliano were created by later Venetian chronicler John the Deacon at the beginning of the 11th century, and then expanded by later chroniclers. According to modern scholars, those accounts are not considered as reliable.
In the latter half of the eighth century, Mauritius Galba was elected doge and took the title magister militum, consul et imperialis dux Veneciarum provinciae, 'master of the soldiers, consul and imperial duke of the province of Venice'. Doge Justinian Partecipacius (d. 829) used the title imperialis hypatus et humilis dux provinciae Venetiarum, 'imperial hypatos and humble duke of Venice'.
These early titles combined Byzantine honorifics and explicit reference to Venice's subordinate status. Titles like hypatos, spatharios, protospatharios, protosebastos and protoproedros were granted by the emperor to the recipient for life but were not inherent in the office (ἀξία διὰ βραβείου, axia dia brabeiou), but the title doux belonged to the office (ἀξία διὰ λόγου, axia dia logou). Thus, into the eleventh century the Venetian doges held titles typical of Byzantine rulers in outlying regions, such as Sardinia. As late as 1202, the Doge Enrico Dandolo was styled protosebastos, a title granted to him by Alexios III Angelos.
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