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A due
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A due [a dˈduːe] in Italian or à deux [a dø] in French is a musical direction meaning "for two".[1] Most often seen in its abbreviated form a2, the marking signifies that on a staff that normally carries parts for two players, both players are to play the single part in unison.[2] It is generally seen in scores and parts where two players or sections of the same instrument share a staff. The instruction a2 indicates that both players or sections should play the notes indicated, while primo and secondo (often abbreviated to 1. and 2. or Io and IIo) indicate that only a single player or section should play while the other remains tacet.
Increasingly larger groups of players can also be indicated in a similar manner, for instance "a3" for three players ("a tre" in Italian, "à trois" in French), "a4" for four players ("a quattro" in Italian, "à quatre" in French), and so on.
For orchestral strings, playing in unison is usually assumed, but if returning to unison from a divisi passage, "unison" (or "unis.") is traditionally used to indicate this. If returning from a solo string passage (in which only a single string player in a section is performing), "tutti" is used to indicate that the whole ensemble should play once again.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Ammer, Christine. The HarperCollins Dictionary of Music, 3rd ed. New York: 1995.
- ^ Randel, Don Michael (ed.). Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Cambridge, London: 1999.
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A due
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
A due (Italian: [a dˈduːe]; French: à deux [a dø]) is a musical direction meaning "for two", instructing two performers, voices, or instruments to execute the same part together in unison. Often abbreviated as a2 in scores, it signals the resumption of unified performance after a division or solo section.[1]
In orchestral contexts, a due directs two performers to play the same part in unison, such as two wind players sharing a staff. For string sections, while historical usage sometimes indicated division into parts, modern practice typically uses "divisi" for dividing the section and "unis." (unison) to return to unified playing, with a due or a2 occasionally used for unison in smaller string groups.[2][1] This ensures clarity through contextual interpretation within the score.
The direction is frequently encountered following a divisi marking, where parts have been separated, or after a solo passage for a single instrument, guiding musicians back to collective execution.[1] As a standard notation in Western classical music, a due facilitates precise ensemble coordination, appearing in compositions from the Baroque era onward to modern scores.[3]
Definition
Meaning and Pronunciation
"A due" is an Italian musical direction, literally meaning "for two," that instructs two performers, voices, or instruments—typically sharing a single staff or part—to execute the same music together. In many contexts, such as duets or wind sections, this means playing in unison; however, in string sections, it can indicate division of the full group into two subgroups playing different lines.[4] The equivalent French term is "à deux," which carries the same meaning and is used interchangeably in some scores. This direction clarifies performance for two elements within an ensemble. In musical notation, "a due" is frequently abbreviated as "a2" to save space, appearing directly above or below the staff to indicate joint or divided execution as per context. The pronunciation of the Italian "a due" is approximately [a dˈdu.e], with the "a" as in "father," a doubled "d" sound for emphasis, "u" like "oo" in "food," and ending with an "e" as in "say"; in English contexts, it is often anglicized to [ə ˈdu.e] or [ɑː ˈdu.e], though mispronunciations like "ay doo" overlook the Italian elision and stress.[5] For the French "à deux," it is pronounced [a dø], where "à" sounds like "ah," and "deux" features a nasal "eu" similar to the "on" in "bonjour" but rounded, commonly rendered in English as [ɑː ˈduː] but prone to errors like "ah day."Etymology
The term "a due" derives from Italian, in which "a" signifies "to" or "for," and "due" means "two," yielding a literal translation of "for two." This phrasing reflects its function as a direction for two performers or instruments in musical ensembles. A French equivalent, "à deux," conveys the identical meaning and appears interchangeably in certain scores, particularly in contexts blending Italian and French notation traditions.[6] The term emerged as standard terminology for ensemble directions in 18th-century Italian opera and instrumental scores, building on earlier uses in chamber music such as sonatas for two instruments plus continuo.[7] Composers like Giovanni Battista Pergolesi employed it in vocal works, including duets scored for two sopranos, while instrumental applications solidified its role in specifying duo performance.[8] Its adoption aligns with the period's emphasis on precise indications for performers, often abbreviated as "a2" in modern notation.[6] As part of the broader Italian-dominated musical lexicon—encompassing terms like "piano" and "forte"— "a due" exemplifies Italy's central influence on Baroque and Classical music development, where Italian composers and theorists set the European standard for expressive and structural notations.[9] This dominance stemmed from Italy's leadership in musical innovation during the 17th and 18th centuries, with terms originating there spreading across the continent through opera, chamber works, and theoretical treatises.[7]Notation and Usage
In Printed Scores
In printed scores, the direction "a due" indicates that two performers share a staff and play the same notes in unison, with the marking placed above the staff for clarity.[10] It appears either in full as "a due" or abbreviated as "a2", typically at the start of a measure or section where unison playing resumes following a divisi passage.[10][11] This contrasts with divisi indications such as "div." (divide) or "2°." (second part), which signal the separation of parts onto individual staves or voices with opposite stem directions.[10] During unison passages, a single stem is used per note, unifying the notation for both performers, while articulations, dynamics, and slurs are marked once and apply to both.[10] If the unison continues across a page turn, the marking may be enclosed in parentheses, such as "(a2)", to remind performers of the ongoing instruction.[10] In cases of brief solos within a shared staff, specific labels like "I." or "II." are placed above the staff to identify which performer is silent.[10] Standard conventions align the "a due" marking with other system-level directions, such as tempo indications or clefs, ensuring it does not obscure the music.[11] In engraved scores or those produced with notation software like Finale or Sibelius, the direction is often set in italics to emphasize its instructional role, though abbreviations may use plain text for brevity.[10] For extended unison sections, a horizontal line or bracket may extend from the marking to delineate its duration, particularly in orchestral contexts with frequent shifts between unison and divisi.[11]In Orchestral and Chamber Music
In orchestral settings, the application of "a due" (often abbreviated as a 2) varies by section and historical context. In modern notation, particularly for string sections, it frequently signals a return to unison playing following a divisi passage, where the section has temporarily split into multiple parts, ensuring the ensemble regains a unified texture.[12] Historically, however, in strings it could indicate division of the full section into two subgroups for a two-part passage after unison, while for wind and brass sections—where parts are typically shared by two players on a single staff—the marking explicitly indicates that both performers play the same line together, reinforcing balance and volume without implying division.[4][13] This contextual interpretation is essential to avoid ambiguity in performance. In chamber music, "a due" or a 2 instructs two performers or instruments to play in unison, often following a solo passage for one instrument in a duet or small ensemble (such as violin and cello with continuo), achieving a fuller, unified timbre.[1] From a performance perspective, the indication promotes precise synchronization among the designated players, fostering a cohesive and balanced timbre that aligns with the composer's intent for homogeneity.[12] Conductors often highlight this directive during rehearsals to mitigate risks of slight variations leading to unintended dissonances or muddiness in the ensemble blend.[13]Related Directions
Extensions to Multiple Performers
The concept of a due extends to larger ensembles through analogous indications for dividing sections into more than two parts or specifying unison playing by multiple performers, allowing composers to manage complex textures in string sections or other groups. For division into three parts, notations like "div. a tre", "div. a 3", or "a 3" direct the section to split into three subgroups, each playing different notes from a single staff, similar to "a due" in string contexts.[14] This scales to "div. a 4" for four parts, and up to "div. a 8" in large orchestral sections with extensive subdivision.[14] These variants function to create polyphony or chordal effects after unison playing, frequently appearing in orchestral or choral scores to add harmonic depth before potentially returning to unity. Unlike broader directives like tutti, which engage the full ensemble, numerical indications such as "div. a 4" provide targeted control for subgroups, often notated above the staff.[14] To reunite after such divisions, markings like unisono (unis.) or all'unisono are used, restoring collective execution on a single line. Such notations appear in compositions from the Baroque era onward, enabling precise manipulation of ensemble balance and timbre in works requiring sectional independence.[15] In orchestration treatises, divisi techniques are recommended for handling multiple stops or layered lines in strings to ensure even distribution among players.[16]Contrasting Indications
In musical notation, divisi (abbreviated as "div." or "a 2" in string contexts) directs a group of performers, such as a string section, to divide and play different notes from a single part, creating polyphonic textures. This contrasts with unified playing, where a due in wind sections indicates two performers playing the same part in unison on a shared staff, or unisono (unis.) reunites divided players.[15] In strings, a due itself signals initial division into two, often followed by unisono to restore homogeneity after harmonic complexity.[4] The direction tacet instructs a performer or section to remain silent for a specified passage, directly opposing the active participation in a due by excluding players from the ensemble texture.[17] Unisono (abbreviated "unis.") specifies that multiple performers play the same notes simultaneously, applicable to larger groups beyond two players and serving to reunite after divisi, while tutti calls for the full ensemble to join in unison, often implying increased volume and intensity to contrast with preceding soloistic or reduced sections.[17][18] These terms complement a due by extending principles of division and collective execution. Indications like solo, primo, and secondo designate individual or paired execution, where solo highlights a single performer, and primo (first) with secondo (second) assigns distinct lines to two players, setting up contrasts before resumption of unified play via unisono or a due in applicable contexts.[15] Such directives often alternate with divisi in orchestral scores between separation and reunion.[15]Historical Context
Origins and Evolution
The term "a due," meaning "by two" or "for two" in Italian, first appeared as a musical direction in the early 18th century, with the earliest documented use dating to 1740.[19] This coincided with the Classical era's emphasis on precise ensemble notation in Italian-influenced scores. During this period, the term was used to clarify ensemble performance after divisions or solos, reflecting broader trends toward detailed instructions amid expanding orchestral practices.[4] In the 19th century, "a due" became more standardized in orchestral works featuring complex divisi passages, ensuring cohesive textures in larger ensembles.[15] This evolution was supported by advancements in music printing, including lithography and improved engraving techniques, which enabled publishers to reproduce finer details like such directions with greater clarity and accuracy in scores.[20] The 20th century saw "a due" continue in use across various styles, contributing to ensemble coordination in diverse timbres. Contemporary usage has been transformed by digital notation software, such as early systems like SCORE (developed from 1967) and commercial tools like Finale (1988) and Sibelius (1993), which automate the placement and formatting of "a due" for efficient score preparation.[21] From its Italian origins, the direction spread globally through cross-cultural exchanges, incorporating French equivalents like "à deux" and German variants, yet retaining "a due" as the conventional term in international orchestral notation due to the dominance of Italian musical terminology.[15]Notable Examples
The "a due" marking is commonly found in orchestral scores to indicate unison playing by two performers after a divisi or solo section, as defined in standard music dictionaries. For instance, it appears in wind sections to direct two players on the same staff and in strings to reunite after division. Specific instances in major works require score verification, but its role in clarifying performance is evident across classical repertoire from the 18th century onward.[4][15]References
- https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians/A_Due