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Arequipa
Arequipa (Spanish pronunciation: [aɾeˈkipa]; and Quechua: Ariqipa), also known by its nicknames of Ciudad Blanca (Spanish for "White City") and León del Sur (Spanish for "South's Lion"), is a city in Peru and the capital of the eponymous province and department. It is the seat of the Constitutional Court of Peru and often dubbed the "legal capital of Peru". It is the second most populated city in Peru, after the capital Lima, with an urban population of 1,295,700 in 2025. Known for its colonial architecture and volcanic stone buildings, it is a major cultural and economic center.
Its metropolitan area integrates twenty-one districts, including the foundational central area, which it is the seat of the city government. The city had a nominal GDP of US$9,445 million, equivalent to US$10,277 per capita (US$18,610 per capita PPP) in 2015, making Arequipa the city with the second-highest economic activity in Peru.
Arequipa is also an important industrial and commercial center of Peru, and is considered as the second industrial city of the country. Within its industrial activity the manufactured products and the textile production of wool of camelids. The town maintains close commercial links with Chile, Bolivia, and Brazil and with the cities connected by the South trainway, as well as with the port of Matarani.
The city was founded on 15 August 1540, under the name of "Beautiful Villa of Our Lady of the Assumption" in the name of Marquis Francisco Pizarro. On 22 September 1541, the king, Carlos V, ordered that it should be called the "City of Arequipa". During the viceregal period, it acquired importance for its outstanding economic role, and is characterized by the fidelity to the Spanish Crown known as fidelismo, which in return honored Arequipa with titles such as "Very Noble and Very Loyal". In the Republican history of Peru, the city has been the focus of popular, civic and democratic rebellions. It has also been the cradle of notable intellectual, political and religious figures. In the Republican era, it was awarded the title of "Heroic city of the free people of Arequipa".
Its historical center extends over an area of 332 hectares and has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Historical heritage and monumental that it houses and its diverse scenic and cultural spaces turn it into a host city of national and international tourism, in its historical center it highlights the religious architecture viceregal and republican product of mixture of Spanish and autochthonous characteristics, that constituted an own stylistic school called "Arequipeña School" whose influence arrived in Potosí (Bolivia).
An etymology supported by linguist Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, already proposed by the 18th-century anthropologist Ernst Middendorf, about the possible origin of the city's name comes from the Aymara phrase ari qhipa, where ari is "peak, mountain top" and qhipa "behind", altogether translating to "(place) behind the peak", referring to the nearby volcano Misti.
A local tradition states that Sapa Inca Mayta Cápac received a petition from his subjects to reach the valley of the River Chili. They asked him for permission to stay in the region as they were impressed by the beauty of the landscape and the mild climate. The Inca answered in Quechua ⟨Are quipay⟩ "Ari, qhipay" ("Yes, stay"). However, another similar tale states that when the first Europeans arrived to the valley, they pointed at the ground and asked for the name of the land. The local chief, not understanding the question, assumed they were asking for permission to sit down and gave the aforementioned affirmation, which sounded to the Spanish like "Arequipa".
Chroniclers Blas Valera and Inca Garcilaso de la Vega suggest that the name of the city comes from an ancient Aymara phrase ⟨ari qquepan⟩ "ari q'ipa", supposedly meaning "sonorous trumpet", but in actuality something closer to "new conch trumpet", in reference to the sound produced from blowing into an empty conch-like seashell.
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Arequipa
Arequipa (Spanish pronunciation: [aɾeˈkipa]; and Quechua: Ariqipa), also known by its nicknames of Ciudad Blanca (Spanish for "White City") and León del Sur (Spanish for "South's Lion"), is a city in Peru and the capital of the eponymous province and department. It is the seat of the Constitutional Court of Peru and often dubbed the "legal capital of Peru". It is the second most populated city in Peru, after the capital Lima, with an urban population of 1,295,700 in 2025. Known for its colonial architecture and volcanic stone buildings, it is a major cultural and economic center.
Its metropolitan area integrates twenty-one districts, including the foundational central area, which it is the seat of the city government. The city had a nominal GDP of US$9,445 million, equivalent to US$10,277 per capita (US$18,610 per capita PPP) in 2015, making Arequipa the city with the second-highest economic activity in Peru.
Arequipa is also an important industrial and commercial center of Peru, and is considered as the second industrial city of the country. Within its industrial activity the manufactured products and the textile production of wool of camelids. The town maintains close commercial links with Chile, Bolivia, and Brazil and with the cities connected by the South trainway, as well as with the port of Matarani.
The city was founded on 15 August 1540, under the name of "Beautiful Villa of Our Lady of the Assumption" in the name of Marquis Francisco Pizarro. On 22 September 1541, the king, Carlos V, ordered that it should be called the "City of Arequipa". During the viceregal period, it acquired importance for its outstanding economic role, and is characterized by the fidelity to the Spanish Crown known as fidelismo, which in return honored Arequipa with titles such as "Very Noble and Very Loyal". In the Republican history of Peru, the city has been the focus of popular, civic and democratic rebellions. It has also been the cradle of notable intellectual, political and religious figures. In the Republican era, it was awarded the title of "Heroic city of the free people of Arequipa".
Its historical center extends over an area of 332 hectares and has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Historical heritage and monumental that it houses and its diverse scenic and cultural spaces turn it into a host city of national and international tourism, in its historical center it highlights the religious architecture viceregal and republican product of mixture of Spanish and autochthonous characteristics, that constituted an own stylistic school called "Arequipeña School" whose influence arrived in Potosí (Bolivia).
An etymology supported by linguist Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, already proposed by the 18th-century anthropologist Ernst Middendorf, about the possible origin of the city's name comes from the Aymara phrase ari qhipa, where ari is "peak, mountain top" and qhipa "behind", altogether translating to "(place) behind the peak", referring to the nearby volcano Misti.
A local tradition states that Sapa Inca Mayta Cápac received a petition from his subjects to reach the valley of the River Chili. They asked him for permission to stay in the region as they were impressed by the beauty of the landscape and the mild climate. The Inca answered in Quechua ⟨Are quipay⟩ "Ari, qhipay" ("Yes, stay"). However, another similar tale states that when the first Europeans arrived to the valley, they pointed at the ground and asked for the name of the land. The local chief, not understanding the question, assumed they were asking for permission to sit down and gave the aforementioned affirmation, which sounded to the Spanish like "Arequipa".
Chroniclers Blas Valera and Inca Garcilaso de la Vega suggest that the name of the city comes from an ancient Aymara phrase ⟨ari qquepan⟩ "ari q'ipa", supposedly meaning "sonorous trumpet", but in actuality something closer to "new conch trumpet", in reference to the sound produced from blowing into an empty conch-like seashell.