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Borate
A borate is any of a range of boron oxyanions, anions containing boron and oxygen, such as orthoborate BO3−3, metaborate BO−2, or tetraborate B4O2−7; or any salt of such anions, such as sodium metaborate, Na+[BO2]− and borax (Na+)2[B4O7]2−. The name also refers to esters of such anions, such as trimethyl borate B(OCH3)3.
Borate ions occur, alone or with other anions, in many borate and borosilicate minerals such as borax, boracite, ulexite (boronatrocalcite) and colemanite. Borates also occur in seawater, contributing to the absorption of low-frequency sound in seawater.
Common borate salts include sodium metaborate (NaBO2) and borax. Borax is soluble in water, so mineral deposits only occur in places with very low rainfall. Extensive deposits were found in Death Valley and shipped with twenty-mule teams from 1883 to 1889. In 1925, deposits were found at Boron, California on the edge of the Mojave Desert. The Atacama Desert in Chile also contains mineable borate concentrations.
Borates also occur in plants, including almost all fruits.
The main borate anions are:
In 1905, Burgess and Holt observed that fusing mixtures of boric oxide B2O3 and sodium carbonate Na2CO3 yielded on cooling two crystalline compounds with definite compositions, consistent with anhydrous borax Na2B4O7 (which can be written Na2O·2B2O3) and sodium octaborate Na2B8O13 (which can be written Na2O·4B2O3).
Borate anions (and functional groups) consist of trigonal planar BO3 and/or tetrahedral BO4 structural units, joined together via shared oxygen atoms (corners) or atom pairs (edges) into larger clusters so as to construct various ions such as [B2O5]4−, [B3O8]7−, [B4O12]12−, [B5O6(OH)5]2−, [B6O13]8−, etc. These anions may be cyclic or linear in structure, and can further polymerize into infinite chains, layers, and tridimensional frameworks. The terminal (unshared) oxygen atoms in the borate anions may be capped with hydrogen atoms (−OH) or may carry a negative charge (−O−).
The planar BO3 units may be stacked in the crystal lattice to have π-conjugated molecular orbitals, which often results in useful optical properties such as strong harmonics generation, birefringence, and UV transmission.
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Borate
A borate is any of a range of boron oxyanions, anions containing boron and oxygen, such as orthoborate BO3−3, metaborate BO−2, or tetraborate B4O2−7; or any salt of such anions, such as sodium metaborate, Na+[BO2]− and borax (Na+)2[B4O7]2−. The name also refers to esters of such anions, such as trimethyl borate B(OCH3)3.
Borate ions occur, alone or with other anions, in many borate and borosilicate minerals such as borax, boracite, ulexite (boronatrocalcite) and colemanite. Borates also occur in seawater, contributing to the absorption of low-frequency sound in seawater.
Common borate salts include sodium metaborate (NaBO2) and borax. Borax is soluble in water, so mineral deposits only occur in places with very low rainfall. Extensive deposits were found in Death Valley and shipped with twenty-mule teams from 1883 to 1889. In 1925, deposits were found at Boron, California on the edge of the Mojave Desert. The Atacama Desert in Chile also contains mineable borate concentrations.
Borates also occur in plants, including almost all fruits.
The main borate anions are:
In 1905, Burgess and Holt observed that fusing mixtures of boric oxide B2O3 and sodium carbonate Na2CO3 yielded on cooling two crystalline compounds with definite compositions, consistent with anhydrous borax Na2B4O7 (which can be written Na2O·2B2O3) and sodium octaborate Na2B8O13 (which can be written Na2O·4B2O3).
Borate anions (and functional groups) consist of trigonal planar BO3 and/or tetrahedral BO4 structural units, joined together via shared oxygen atoms (corners) or atom pairs (edges) into larger clusters so as to construct various ions such as [B2O5]4−, [B3O8]7−, [B4O12]12−, [B5O6(OH)5]2−, [B6O13]8−, etc. These anions may be cyclic or linear in structure, and can further polymerize into infinite chains, layers, and tridimensional frameworks. The terminal (unshared) oxygen atoms in the borate anions may be capped with hydrogen atoms (−OH) or may carry a negative charge (−O−).
The planar BO3 units may be stacked in the crystal lattice to have π-conjugated molecular orbitals, which often results in useful optical properties such as strong harmonics generation, birefringence, and UV transmission.