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Caddo language
Caddo (endonym: Hasí꞉nay, pronounced [hasí:naj]) is a Caddoan language indigenous to the Southern United States and the traditional language of the Caddo Nation. It is dormant but not dead, with the last native speaker dying in 2025, down from 25 native speakers in 1997; nevertheless there are revitalization programs. Caddo had several mutually-intelligible dialects. The most commonly used dialects was Hasinai and Hainai; others included Kadohadacho, Natchitoches and Yatasi.
Caddo is member of the Caddoan language family; this family includes the Pawnee-Kitsai (Keechi) languages (Arikara, Kitsai, and Pawnee) and the Wichita language. Like Caddo, Kitsai and Wichita are now dormant.
Another language, Adai, is postulated to have been a Caddoan language while it was extant, but because of scarce resources and the language's extinct status, this connection is not conclusive, and Adai is generally considered a language isolate.
The Caddo Nation is making a concentrated effort to save the Caddo language. The Kiwat Hasí꞉nay ('Caddo Home') foundation, located at the tribal home of Binger, Oklahoma, offers regular Caddo language classes, in addition to creating dictionaries, phrase books, and other Caddo language resources. They have also made a long-term project of trying to record and digitally archive Caddoan oral traditions, which are an important part of Caddo culture.
As of 2010, a Caddo app is available for Android phones. As of 2012, the Caddo Nation teaches weekly language classes; language CDs, a coloring book, and an online learning website are also available.
There is a Caddo grammar, published August 2018, and an in-depth examination of the Caddo verb, published in 2004.
In August 2022 the Caddo Nation Language Preservation Program was launched. The program's goals are to archive resources in the language, share their resources through community events and programs, and develop a curriculum to teach the language.
Caddo has 19 contrastive consonants, a normal-sized consonant inventory. It is somewhat unusual in that it lacks liquid consonants. The IPA symbols for the consonants of Caddo are given below:
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Caddo language
Caddo (endonym: Hasí꞉nay, pronounced [hasí:naj]) is a Caddoan language indigenous to the Southern United States and the traditional language of the Caddo Nation. It is dormant but not dead, with the last native speaker dying in 2025, down from 25 native speakers in 1997; nevertheless there are revitalization programs. Caddo had several mutually-intelligible dialects. The most commonly used dialects was Hasinai and Hainai; others included Kadohadacho, Natchitoches and Yatasi.
Caddo is member of the Caddoan language family; this family includes the Pawnee-Kitsai (Keechi) languages (Arikara, Kitsai, and Pawnee) and the Wichita language. Like Caddo, Kitsai and Wichita are now dormant.
Another language, Adai, is postulated to have been a Caddoan language while it was extant, but because of scarce resources and the language's extinct status, this connection is not conclusive, and Adai is generally considered a language isolate.
The Caddo Nation is making a concentrated effort to save the Caddo language. The Kiwat Hasí꞉nay ('Caddo Home') foundation, located at the tribal home of Binger, Oklahoma, offers regular Caddo language classes, in addition to creating dictionaries, phrase books, and other Caddo language resources. They have also made a long-term project of trying to record and digitally archive Caddoan oral traditions, which are an important part of Caddo culture.
As of 2010, a Caddo app is available for Android phones. As of 2012, the Caddo Nation teaches weekly language classes; language CDs, a coloring book, and an online learning website are also available.
There is a Caddo grammar, published August 2018, and an in-depth examination of the Caddo verb, published in 2004.
In August 2022 the Caddo Nation Language Preservation Program was launched. The program's goals are to archive resources in the language, share their resources through community events and programs, and develop a curriculum to teach the language.
Caddo has 19 contrastive consonants, a normal-sized consonant inventory. It is somewhat unusual in that it lacks liquid consonants. The IPA symbols for the consonants of Caddo are given below: