Isotopes of californium

Californium (₉₈Cf) is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was ²⁴⁵Cf in 1950. There are 20 known radioisotopes ranging from ²³⁷Cf to ²⁵⁶Cf and several short-lived nuclear isomers. The longest-lived isotope is ²⁵¹Cf with a half-life of 898 years; followed by ²⁴⁹Cf (available isotopically pure from decay of berkelium) at 351 years.

Californium-252 (Cf-252, ²⁵²Cf) undergoes spontaneous fission with a branching ratio of 3.09% and is used in small neutron sources. Fission neutrons have an energy range of 0 to 13 MeV with a mean value of 2.3 MeV and a most probable value of 1 MeV.

This isotope produces high neutron emissions and has a number of uses in industries such as nuclear energy, medicine, and petrochemical exploration.

Californium-252 neutron sources are most notably used in the start-up of nuclear reactors. Once a reactor is filled with nuclear fuel, the stable neutron emission from said source starts the chain reaction.

The portable isotopic neutron spectroscopy (PINS) used by United States Armed Forces, the National Guard, Homeland Security, and Customs and Border Protection, uses ²⁵²Cf sources to detect hazardous contents inside artillery projectiles, mortar projectiles, rockets, bombs, land mines, and improvised explosive devices (IED).

In the oil industry, ²⁵²Cf is used to find layers of petroleum and water in a well. Instrumentation is lowered into the well, which bombards the formation with high energy neutrons to determine porosity, permeability, and hydrocarbon presence along the length of the borehole.

Californium-252 has also been used in the treatment of serious forms of cancer. For certain types of brain and cervical cancer, ²⁵²Cf can be used as a more cost-effective substitute for radium.