Centaurium erythraea

Centaurium erythraea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Gentianales
Family:	Gentianaceae
Genus:	Centaurium
Species:	C. erythraea
Binomial name
	Centaurium erythraea; Rafn
Subspecies
	12; see text
Synonyms
	List Centaurella dichotoma Delarbre; Centaurium capitatum (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Borbás; Centaurium corymbosum (Dulac) Druce; Centaurium erythraea var. capitatum (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Melderis; Centaurium erythraea var. fasciculare (Duby) Ubsdell; Centaurium erythraea var. latifolium (Sm.) T.C.G.Rich; Centaurium erythraea var. laxum (Boiss.) Mouterde ex Charpin & Greuter; Centaurium erythraea var. masclansii O.Bolòs & Vigo; Centaurium erythraea var. subcapitatum (Corb.) Ubsdell; Centaurium erythraea var. sublitorale (Wheldon & Salmon) Ubsdell; Centaurium latifolium (Sm.) Druce; Centaurium lomae (Gilg) Druce; Centaurium minus Moench; Centaurium minus var. austriacum (Ronniger ex Fritsch) Soó; Centaurium minus var. transiens (Wittr.) Soó; Centaurium umbellatum f. album Sigunov; Centaurium umbellatum var. fasciculare (Duby) Gilmour; Centaurium vulgare Rafn; Chironia centaurium (L.) F.W.Schmidt; Chironia centaurium var. fascicularis Duby; Chironia erythraea Schousb.; Erythraea capitata Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Erythraea centaurium (L.) Pers.; Erythraea centaurium f. itatiaiaensis Dusén; Erythraea corymbosa Dulac; Erythraea germanica Hoffmanns. & Link; Erythraea latifolia Sm.; Erythraea lomae Gilg; Erythraea vulgaris Gray; Gentiana centaurium L.; Gentiana gerardii F.W.Schmidt; Gentiana palustris Lam.; Gonipia linearis Raf.; Hippocentaurea centaurium Schult.; Libadion variabile Bubani; Xolemia palustris (DC.) Raf.; ;

Centaurium erythraea is a species of flowering plant in the gentian family known by the names common centaury and European centaury. It is also commonly known as feverfoullie, gentian or centaury.^[2]

Description

This is an upright biennial herb which reaches half a meter in height. It grows from a small basal rosette and bolts a leafy, upright stem which may branch. The triangular leaves are arranged oppositely on the stem and the upright inflorescences emerge from the stem and grow parallel to it, sometimes tangling with the foliage. Each inflorescence may contain many flowers. The petite flower is pinkish-lavender and about a centimeter across, flat-faced with yellow anthers. The fruit is a cylindrical capsule.

It flowers from June until September.

Distribution and habitat

This centaury is a widespread plant of Europe (including Scotland, Sweden and Mediterranean countries^[2]) and parts of western Asia and northern Africa. It has also naturalised in parts of North America,^[2] New Zealand, and eastern Australia, where it is an introduced species. It grows in fields and roadsides.^[3]

Subspecies

12 subspecies are accepted.^[1]

Centaurium erythraea subsp. apertum (H.Lindb.) Greuter – Morocco and Algeria
Centaurium erythraea subsp. bernardii (Maire & Sauvage) Greuter – Morocco
Centaurium erythraea subsp. boissieri (Willk.) Z.Díaz – south-central and southern Spain
Centaurium erythraea subsp. enclusense (O.Bolòs, Molin. & P.Monts.) O.Bolòs & Vigo – Balearic Islands (Menorca)
Centaurium erythraea subsp. erythraea – Azores, Morocco, and Europe to the Caucasus, Turkey, Syria, and Iran, and Yemen
Centaurium erythraea subsp. grandiflorum (Biv.) Melderis – Iberian Peninsula, Corsica, Sicily, and Greece (Ionian Islands)
Centaurium erythraea subsp. limoniiforme (Greuter) Greuter – Greece
Centaurium erythraea subsp. majus (Hoffmanns. & Link) M.Laínz – France, Spain, Portugal, Sardinia, Sicily, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia
Centaurium erythraea subsp. rhodense (Boiss. & Reut.) Melderis – Morocco and Tunisia, Corsica and Sardinia to the eastern Mediterranean
Centaurium erythraea subsp. rumelicum (Velen.) Melderis – France, Corsica, Sardinia, Italy, Albania, Greece, Crete, and Bulgaria
Centaurium erythraea subsp. suffruticosum (Griseb.) Greuter – France, Spain, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia
Centaurium erythraea subsp. turcicum (Velen.) Melderis – Portugal and Morocco; Eastern Mediterranean to Ukraine, Central Asia, and Pakistan

Uses

The European centaury is mainly prepared as a tisane for use in traditional medicine.^[4]^[5]

Chemical constituents

C. erythraea contains phenolic acids, including ferulic and sinapic acids, as well as sterols (as brassicasterol and stigmasterol), secoiridoid and the glycosides, swertiamarin, and sweroside.^[2]

Gallery

Centaurium erythraea
Flowers
Plant

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Centaurium erythraea Rafn". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kumarasamy, Y.; Nahar, L.; Cox, P. J.; Jaspars, M.; Sarker, S. D. (2003). "Bioactivity of secoiridoid glycosides from Centaurium erythraea". Phytomedicine. 10 (4). urbanfischer.de: 344–347. doi:10.1078/094471103322004857. PMID 12809366. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
^ "Centaurium erythraea". ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-30.
^ "Centaury, Herbal medicine: Summary for the Public" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 2 February 2016.
^ El Menyiy, Naoual; Guaouguaou, Fatima-Ezzahrae; El Baaboua, Aicha; et al. (10 August 2021). "Phytochemical properties, biological activities and medicinal use of Centaurium erythraea Rafn". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114171. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.114171. Retrieved 24 June 2024.

External links

Photo gallery, University of California at Berkeley, 2024

[347236-1-1] "Centaurium erythraea Rafn". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2020.

[academia-2] Kumarasamy, Y.; Nahar, L.; Cox, P. J.; Jaspars, M.; Sarker, S. D. (2003). "Bioactivity of secoiridoid glycosides from Centaurium erythraea". Phytomedicine. 10 (4). urbanfischer.de: 344–347. doi:10.1078/094471103322004857. PMID 12809366. Retrieved 7 November 2014.

[3] "Centaurium erythraea". ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-30.

[4] "Centaury, Herbal medicine: Summary for the Public" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 2 February 2016.

[5] El Menyiy, Naoual; Guaouguaou, Fatima-Ezzahrae; El Baaboua, Aicha; et al. (10 August 2021). "Phytochemical properties, biological activities and medicinal use of Centaurium erythraea Rafn". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114171. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.114171. Retrieved 24 June 2024.

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Centaurium erythraea

Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Gentianales
Family:	Gentianaceae
Genus:	Centaurium
Species:	C. erythraea
Binomial name
*Centaurium erythraea* Rafn
Subspecies^[1]
12; see text
Synonyms^[1]
List Centaurella dichotoma Delarbre Centaurium capitatum (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Borbás Centaurium corymbosum (Dulac) Druce Centaurium erythraea var. capitatum (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Melderis Centaurium erythraea var. fasciculare (Duby) Ubsdell Centaurium erythraea var. latifolium (Sm.) T.C.G.Rich Centaurium erythraea var. laxum (Boiss.) Mouterde ex Charpin & Greuter Centaurium erythraea var. masclansii O.Bolòs & Vigo Centaurium erythraea var. subcapitatum (Corb.) Ubsdell Centaurium erythraea var. sublitorale (Wheldon & Salmon) Ubsdell Centaurium latifolium (Sm.) Druce Centaurium lomae (Gilg) Druce Centaurium minus Moench Centaurium minus var. austriacum (Ronniger ex Fritsch) Soó Centaurium minus var. transiens (Wittr.) Soó Centaurium umbellatum f. album Sigunov Centaurium umbellatum var. fasciculare (Duby) Gilmour Centaurium vulgare Rafn Chironia centaurium (L.) F.W.Schmidt Chironia centaurium var. fascicularis Duby Chironia erythraea Schousb. Erythraea capitata Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Erythraea centaurium (L.) Pers. Erythraea centaurium f. itatiaiaensis Dusén Erythraea corymbosa Dulac Erythraea germanica Hoffmanns. & Link Erythraea latifolia Sm. Erythraea lomae Gilg Erythraea vulgaris Gray Gentiana centaurium L. Gentiana gerardii F.W.Schmidt Gentiana palustris Lam. Gonipia linearis Raf. Hippocentaurea centaurium Schult. Libadion variabile Bubani Xolemia palustris (DC.) Raf.