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Gunports high on either side of the forecastle in this contemporary small-scale model of the bow of the Soleil Royal show that chase guns could be fired from either side of the bowsprit
The Vétéran, chased by a British squadron, finds shelter in Concarneau harbour. The smoke cloud at her transom indicates that she is firing her stern chase gun.

A chase gun (or chaser), usually distinguished as bow chaser and stern chaser, was a cannon mounted in the bow (aiming forward) or stern (aiming backward) of a sailing ship. They were used to attempt to slow down an enemy ship either chasing (pursuing) or being chased, when the ship's broadside could not be brought to bear. Typically, the chasers were used to attempt to damage the rigging and thereby cause the target to lose performance.

Bow chasers could be regular guns brought up from the gundeck and aimed through specially cut-out ports on either side of the bowsprit, or dedicated weapons made with an unusually long bore and a relatively light ball, and mounted in the bow. Stern chasers could also be improvised, or left permanently in the cabins at the stern, covered up and used as part of the furniture.

Development

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In the Age of Sail, shiphandling had been brought to a high art, and chases frequently lasted for hours or sometimes days, as each crew fine-tuned their sails to take advantage of small variations in the wind. Chase guns of this era were commonly made of brass rather than iron, as this improved their accuracy.[citation needed] A single lucky shot could cut through a critical line, or cause a sail to split if the wind was strong, so if the ships were within range the best gunners on each would use their chasers to make carefully aimed and timed shots at the other. Despite this, most chase guns were of limited accuracy even when aiming at the sizeable target of an enemy ship's rigging. In one eighteenth-century example, a British crew fired seventy-two shots from their vessels' bow chasers before hitting the sails of a fleeing enemy craft.[1]

By the late eighteenth century, Royal Navy crews were progressively being trained in the use of artillery in chases. The cannons themselves were also modified to maximise their effectiveness as chase guns, including reshaping of their gun carriages to allow for greater elevation and longer range. From 1799 Royal Navy frigates were universally supplied with two bow and two stern chasers, as these were the vessels most likely to be engaged in the pursuit of fleeing enemies.[1][2][3]

Chase guns in World War II

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Chase guns forward, or aft-facing naval guns were reintroduced during the Second World War in a modernised form aboard escort destroyers, corvettes, and motor gun boats. Their role was to provide immediate offensive capability against surfaced U-boats and fast E-boats without needing to manoeuvre or rely on depth charges. In this regard, being used from a high and weatherly bow against small targets with a very low profile, their tactical employment was intended to remove a blind spot through a vertical arc (below the prow at short range) rather than through a narrow horizontal arc at longer ranges.

Against U-boats

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HMS Bleasdale
Chase gun of a Hunt-class destroyer

On convoy escorts, particularly Hunt-class destroyers and Flower-class corvettes, bow-mounted chase guns, were used to engage surfaced U-boats. Ships would illuminate the submarine with searchlights, then open fire with chase-mounted weapons aimed at the conning tower or pressure hull, forcing the U-boat to dive and abort its attack.[4] This tactic was effective before the widespread deployment of forward throwing anti-submarine weapons like the Hedgehog or Squid.

Against E-boats

[edit]

German E-boats (Schnellboote), fast torpedo craft used in the English Channel and North Sea, posed a major threat to coastal convoys. To counter these, many British escorts, especially Hunt-class destroyers, were fitted with a bow-mounted QF 2-pounder "pom-pom" autocannons as chase guns. One example occurred during a 1945 patrol by HMS Cubitt, when her forward-mounted pom-pom opened fire on an approaching group of E-boats.

Summary

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  • Chase guns were adapted to modern naval warfare as a flexible defensive and offensive measure.
  • Against U-boats, they allowed quick reaction to surfaced threats, preventing successful torpedo attacks.
  • Against E-boats, bow-mounted autocannons like the QF 2-pounder naval gun disrupted enemy approach patterns.
  • The concept, rooted in Age of Sail tactics, proved valuable in close-in, high-speed naval combat of the Second World War.

See also

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References

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Bibliography

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Chase gun

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
A chase gun, also referred to as a bow chaser or stern chaser, is a mounted in the bow or of a sailing warship, designed to fire upon an enemy vessel during pursuit or flight when the ship's broadside armament cannot be effectively brought to bear. These guns were typically long-barreled for greater range and accuracy, often in calibers such as 9-pounders on frigates or 18-pounders on larger ships, and were aimed at damaging the target's to reduce speed. Employed primarily during the Age of Sail from the 17th to 19th centuries, chase guns played a crucial role in for both Navy and the , allowing captains to harass foes longitudinally without maneuvering into a vulnerable broadside position. Bow chasers fired forward from the to impede a fleeing ship, while stern chasers targeted pursuers from the or cabins, often mounted on four-wheeled sea carriages for mobility or fixed in dedicated ports. Their use emphasized precision over volume of fire, with crews trained to load and aim under the challenges of a rolling deck during high-speed chases. Notable examples include the , a prominent American from the era, which carried two bow chase guns on its spar deck alongside carronades; these were run out for action in engagements like the capture of HMS Guerriere. In the Royal Navy, chase guns became standardized on frigates by the late , with vessels often equipped with two bow and two stern chasers to enhance scouting and convoy protection roles. Though sometimes improvised from broadside guns, dedicated chase pieces like the long nine—a lightweight, extended-barrel 9-pounder—optimized performance in these scenarios until the transition to steam and rifled artillery rendered them obsolete by the mid-19th century.

Fundamentals

Definition and Purpose

A chase gun, also referred to as a bow chaser or stern chaser, was a type of mounted in the bow or of a specifically to engage vessels either pursuing or being pursued. Bow chasers were positioned forward to fire directly ahead at a fleeing enemy, while stern chasers were placed aft to target an approaching pursuer. These guns were typically lighter and of smaller caliber compared to the main broadside armament, allowing for their installation in the limited space of the ship's ends. The primary purpose of chase guns was to inflict damage on an enemy's , sails, or hull to reduce its speed or maneuverability, thereby enabling the firing ship to either escape a superior foe or close in to capture a fleeing target. By targeting vulnerable upper works rather than the hull, these weapons aimed to disrupt without requiring the ships to maneuver into vulnerable broadside positions. This tactical application was crucial in extended naval pursuits where maintaining or gaining distance could determine the outcome of an engagement. In the broader tactical context of , chase guns facilitated line-of-sight firing during chases, contrasting with broadside batteries optimized for devastating volleys in close-quarters battles. Their design prioritized long-range accuracy over raw destructive power, often employing specialized projectiles like —two cannonballs linked by a chain—or bar shot, a solid bar connecting the balls, to effectively shred sails and rigging from afar. This emphasis on precision allowed crews to harass opponents over extended distances, preserving the ship's structural integrity while wearing down the target's capabilities.

Design Characteristics

Chase guns were constructed with or barrels, with bronze valued for its resistance in marine environments and lighter weight relative to iron, which facilitated easier handling aboard ship compared to heavier broadside guns. This material choice reduced the risk of in saltwater exposure while maintaining sufficient durability for prolonged naval service. In terms of calibers, chase guns favored smaller sizes such as 6- to 12-pounders to enhance maneuverability and rapid deployment during pursuits, though larger examples like 18-pounders were occasionally employed on heavier vessels. These were long-barreled guns designed for extended range, often loaded with specialized ammunition including —two cannonballs linked by a chain—to target and sever enemy , thereby slowing the pursued or pursuing vessel. Mounting configurations emphasized stability in forward or aft positions, with guns fixed in bow or ports and secured on wooden slides or four-wheeled carriages to absorb through breeching ropes and deck fittings, allowing controlled backward movement upon firing. Traverse was inherently limited to forward or aft firing arcs due to the ship's structure, preventing broadside-like flexibility but optimizing for linear engagements. The lighter construction of chase guns offered advantages in accuracy at longer ranges, as reduced weight minimized ship motion and interference during aiming, enabling more precise shots against distant like masts. However, their exposed positioning in the bow or made them vulnerable to counterfire, with limited protection from the hull increasing the risk of damage or crew casualties in heated pursuits.

Historical Evolution

Origins in Early Naval Warfare

The earliest references to chase guns appear in the context of 16th-century European naval warfare, particularly on galleons and early frigates during the Age of Discovery, where forward- and aft-mounted cannons were employed to engage enemy vessels without bringing broadsides to bear. These weapons emerged as naval architects adapted existing artillery to ship designs, with Portuguese and Spanish explorers fitting small numbers of cannons in bow and stern positions on vessels like the nao and caravel to deter pursuers or harass targets ahead. Venetian galleasses at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 exemplified this trend, mounting heavy forward guns in a protruding bow structure to break enemy lines, marking a shift from oar-powered ramming to gunnery in pursuits. Initial designs were largely improvised, involving the placement of existing wrought-iron or cannons—such as medias sacres or culverins—in s or sterncastles without dedicated gunports, constrained by the high architecture of galleons and the unreliable black powder formulations that limited range and reliability. On English galleons during the Anglo-Spanish War, these bow and stern were used to target and sails, aiming to slow fleeing ships by inducing structural damage rather than sinking them outright. A notable example occurred during the 1588 campaign, where English vessels like the employed forward-firing demi-cannons in running fights off Plymouth and the Isle of Wight to harass the slower Spanish fleet, preventing close action and exploiting superior sailing qualities. Spanish ships, including the Gran Grifón, carried similar aft-mounted media sacres for defensive fire during pursuits, though their heavier builds reduced maneuverability. Challenges in their use were significant, with inaccurate resulting from ship pitch and yaw in rough seas, compounded by fixed mountings on unsuitable field carriages that could shift or damage hulls under . Gunpowder's hygroscopic nature often led to misfires, and the lack of standardized calibers or ammunition meant mismatched shot, further reducing effectiveness in prolonged chases. Prior to 1700, these installations remained ad-hoc, varying by shipowner or squadron without naval mandating their inclusion, limiting their role to opportunistic harassment rather than tactical mainstay.

Standardization in the Age of Sail

During the late , the Royal Navy formalized the use of chase guns as standard armament on its frigates, reflecting a maturation in naval design and tactics amid ongoing conflicts with . A pivotal milestone came in when the Admiralty mandated that all frigates be equipped with two bow and two stern , ensuring these vessels—often tasked with , convoy protection, and single-ship actions—could effectively engage or deter pursuers without relying on improvised fittings. This universal adoption addressed earlier inconsistencies where chase guns were fitted , enhancing the fleet's ability to conduct prolonged chases across the Atlantic and Mediterranean theaters. Advancements in gun construction further supported this standardization, particularly the refinement of brass chase guns prized for their superior accuracy over iron counterparts. Brass pieces, with smoother bores and reduced , allowed for more precise long-range fire during pursuits, where hitting sails or could cripple an enemy's speed. For instance, during the , HMS , flagship of the , carried dedicated chase armament on her and , including long 12-pounder guns that complemented her of 104 pieces. These weapons enabled Horatio Nelson's squadron to maintain pressure on French forces in blockade operations, underscoring the tactical value of accurate chase fire in fleet maneuvers. Tactical applications of standardized chase guns proved decisive in several engagements. In 18th-century pursuits, British crews leveraged these weapons to target enemy , as seen in actions where sustained fire damaged French sails and masts, forcing prey to slow and allowing capture. A notable example occurred during the , when frigates used bow chasers in extended chases across the Atlantic, such as the Action of 11 November 1779, where HMS Tartar pursued and captured the Spanish frigate Santa Margarita after a running fight, ultimately forcing her surrender. Such instances highlighted how chase guns extended a ship's effective reach, turning potential escapes into victories without committing the full broadside. By the mid-19th century, the role of chase guns began to wane as naval technology shifted dramatically. The advent of steam propulsion enabled ships to maintain speed and maneuverability independent of wind, reducing the need for specialized forward- or aft-firing weapons in chases. Concurrently, the introduction of rifled guns with elongated ranges and explosive shells—exemplified by the in the 1820s and later Armstrong and pieces—allowed all-around fire from pivoting mounts, rendering fixed chase positions obsolete. This transition, accelerated during the (1853–1856), marked the end of the sailing era's reliance on chase guns, as ironclads and steam frigates prioritized centralized, versatile batteries.

World War II Applications

Against U-boats

During , chase guns were reintroduced on Allied escort vessels such as Hunt-class destroyers and Flower-class corvettes to engage German U-boats that surfaced for attacks on convoys in the Atlantic. These bow-mounted weapons, such as the BL 4-inch Mark IX on Flower-class corvettes or the QF Mark XVI on Hunt-class destroyers, provided forward firepower on small warships designed for (ASW), enabling escorts to pursue and deter surfaced submarines that relied on deck guns or torpedoes for surface engagements. This adaptation addressed the need for rapid response in convoy protection, where U-boats often surfaced at night to maximize speed and avoid detection by . Tactics involving these chase guns emphasized aggressive pursuit combined with illumination to force U-boats to submerge quickly, reducing their effectiveness against merchant shipping. Escorts would use the forward 4-inch gun to fire high-explosive shells while searchlights or starshells illuminated the target, often closing to within 1,000-2,000 yards despite the corvette's limited speed of around 16 knots compared to a U-boat's 17-18 knots on the surface. This approach proved valuable in convoy battles, such as during Convoy SC-94 in July 1942, where HMS Dianthus chased, fired her bow gun at, and rammed a surfaced U-boat, compelling it to dive and disrupting its attack. Similarly, HMS Sunflower used depth charges to sink U-638 in May 1943 and U-631 in October 1943 during Atlantic patrols, deterring periscope-depth approaches by highlighting the risk of exposure. However, chase guns had significant limitations in anti-U-boat operations, particularly against submerged threats where they were entirely ineffective, leaving escorts to rely on depth charges or mortars for underwater engagements. In the rough seas of the North Atlantic, accurate aiming from the pitching bow platforms was challenging, often reducing the guns' practical below 10 rounds per minute and complicating illumination with searchlights due to spray and motion. These constraints underscored the chase gun's role as a deterrent rather than a primary killer, with Flower-class vessels sinking only a fraction of the 47 U-boats credited to their class through combined ASW efforts.

Against E-boats

In , British naval forces deployed chase guns, particularly the QF 2-pounder "" autocannon, in stern or bow mountings on motor gun boats (MGBs) and destroyers to counter the rapid surface attacks mounted by German E-boats, also known as S-boats. These 40 mm guns were selected for their high —up to 115 rounds per minute in single mountings—allowing escorts to deliver a barrage of high-explosive shells against the fast, maneuverable E-boats, which could reach speeds of 40 knots and often struck in wolf-pack formations. Modifications to vessels like the Hunt-class destroyers included forward "bowchaser" pom-poms specifically for anti-E-boat roles, enabling quick engagement without needing to turn the ship broadside. Tactics centered on disrupting E-boat incursions during nighttime raids in the and , where visibility was low and surprise attacks on coastal convoys were common. Allied escorts used to detect approaching E-boats, then positioned to pursue or intercept using chase guns to force the enemy to evade or break formation, compensating for the E-boats' superior speed and agility through sheer volume of fire. This defensive posture was critical for protecting slow-moving coastal convoys carrying essential supplies like and along Britain's east coast, where E-boats sank approximately 101 Allied and numerous warships between 1940 and 1945. A notable example occurred on the night of 6/7 April 1945, when the Captain-class frigate HMS Cubitt, patrolling off the Dutch coast with motor torpedo boats, intercepted a group of s attempting to mine routes. Cubitt's chase armament opened at high speed, directing supporting MTBs to engage and sinking at least one while damaging others, thus repelling the raid and safeguarding nearby shipping lanes. The pom-pom's rapid proved decisive in this close-quarters surface action, highlighting its role in late-war protection despite the s' evasive maneuvers.

Tactical Effectiveness

Chase guns on Allied escort vessels enabled rapid engagement of surfaced threats during pursuits, providing critical quick reaction times that enhanced defensive capabilities in the Atlantic and theaters of . These forward- or aft-mounted guns, typically 3-inch or 4-inch calibers, allowed destroyers and corvettes to deliver accurate fire while maintaining speed, contributing to the overall success of convoy protection operations and key Allied victories in the between 1943 and 1945. For instance, in close-quarters actions, such as those involving U.S. and Canadian escorts against U-boats, gunnery inflicted significant deck and damage, often forcing submarines to dive prematurely or suffer crew losses that impaired operations. In encounters with faster E-boats in the Channel, chase guns supported by Allied motor torpedo boats and destroyers, deterring aggressive maneuvers and aiding in the sinking of numerous German E-boats by light forces over the course of the war. Their effectiveness stemmed from simplicity and immediate availability, outperforming improvised small-arms fire in ranged pursuits while allowing escorts to close distances without exposing broadsides. However, this came at the cost of limited firepower compared to full broadside volleys, which were better suited for prolonged surface engagements against larger surface threats. Despite these advantages, chase guns proved increasingly obsolete against evolving radar-guided weapons and aircraft by late in the war, as U-boats and E-boats adopted enhanced anti-surface measures that outpaced manual aiming. Post-1945, they were largely phased out in favor of centralized fire control systems integrating and, eventually, guided missiles, which offered superior accuracy and range in modern . Gunnery's role diminished as integrated platforms prioritized versatility over dedicated chase armaments, marking the transition to missile-era tactics.

Legacy and Modern Equivalents

Post-War Developments

Following , the concept of chase guns transitioned into the designs of early guided-missile destroyers, where forward and aft mounted guns were integrated alongside emerging missile systems to maintain versatility in surface engagements. The Charles F. Adams-class guided missile destroyers, the U.S. Navy's first purpose-built class of this type commissioned between 1959 and 1964, retained two 5-inch/54 caliber Mark 42 guns in automated single mounts for forward and aft fire, complementing their missile launchers. These automated turrets marked a shift from the open single mounts of earlier classes, enhancing crew protection and fire control efficiency. Remnants of World War II-era Fletcher-class destroyers were adapted for pursuits during the (1950–1953), leveraging their existing armament for anti-surface roles against North Korean coastal vessels and supply craft. 39 Fletcher-class ships served in the conflict, primarily in shore bombardment and escort duties, with their five 5-inch/38 caliber single-mount guns—including forward and aft positions—providing rapid response for chasing or evading threats in littoral waters. These adaptations included minor anti-submarine modifications like the , but the guns remained central to surface interdiction tactics. By the 1950s, technological advancements replaced manual chase gun operations with radar-directed systems, improving accuracy in low-visibility conditions and against fast-moving targets. The Forrest Sherman-class destroyers, commissioned from 1955 onward as the Navy's first post-war all-gun class, featured three 5-inch/54 caliber guns directed by the Mark 68 Gun Fire Control System (GFCS) integrated with the AN/SPG-53 radar, allowing automated tracking and elevation adjustments. This radar integration extended to subsequent classes like the Charles F. Adams, where the same GFCS enabled precise forward and aft gun employment without manual aiming. The role of traditional chase guns declined rapidly in the 1960s, rendered obsolete by the proliferation of guided missile systems and the adoption of helicopters for anti-submarine warfare. Surface-to-surface and anti-air missiles, such as the RIM-66 Standard on upgraded destroyers, offered greater range and precision than guns, while the introduction of the Drone Anti-Submarine Helicopter (DASH) system in 1962 allowed Fletcher-, Sumner-, and Gearing-class destroyers to deploy unmanned helicopters for subsurface detection and attack, supplanting gun-based depth charge tactics. By the mid-1960s, new destroyer designs prioritized missile armaments, phasing out dedicated chase gun configurations in favor of multi-role forward batteries.

Contemporary Naval Roles

In contemporary naval warfare, chase gun concepts have evolved into forward-firing close-in weapon systems (CIWS) such as the , which provide automated defense against fast-approaching threats like small boats and anti-ship missiles on destroyers and other surface combatants. The , equipped with a 20mm Vulcan , engages surface targets at ranges up to 2 kilometers, maintaining the tactical principle of rapid forward fire to deter or neutralize pursuing or evading vessels in asymmetric scenarios. This system represents a direct analog to historical chase guns by prioritizing high-rate-of-fire suppression over precision long-range strikes, particularly in littoral environments where swarm attacks from speedboats are common. Tactical continuity persists through bow-mounted medium-caliber guns on littoral combat ships (LCS), designed for chase and interception roles in near-shore . The U.S. Navy's - and Independence-class LCS feature forward 57mm Mk 110 guns, capable of firing precision-guided munitions to engage during pursuits, enhancing mobility in scenarios like countering insurgent boats. These installations echo chase gun doctrine by optimizing forward arcs for offensive maneuvers, allowing ships to maintain speed while delivering against evasive targets. Notable examples include the U.S. Navy's Zumwalt-class destroyers, which incorporate forward Advanced Gun Systems (AGS) originally intended for integration to support pursuit-based surface engagements, though the program was terminated in 2021 due to technical challenges. In post-2000 anti-piracy operations, such as those off the , LCS and similar platforms have employed bow-mounted guns to deter and engage pirate skiffs, demonstrating the enduring utility of forward armaments in low-intensity maritime . Looking to future trends, the integration of drones with forward armaments is reviving chase concepts against , enabling unmanned aerial vehicles to provide real-time targeting data for bow guns or directed-energy systems in dynamic pursuits. This hybrid approach, tested in U.S. Navy exercises, extends engagement ranges and reduces crew exposure, adapting historical tactics to counter drone-enabled swarm threats in contested waters.

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