Creswell Crags is an enclosed limestone gorge on the border between Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, England, near the villages of Creswell and Whitwell. The cliffs in the ravine contain several caves that were occupied by Neanderthals and modern humans during the Last Glacial Period, between around 60,000 and 10,000 years ago. The caves contain Upper Palaeolithic cave art, the northernmost cave art in Europe with other Palaeolithic art objects having also been found in the caverns.

The caves contain occupation layers with evidence of flint tools including those of the Neanderthal-made Mousterian, and the modern human-made Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician, Gravettian, and the eponymous Creswellian cultures.

Creswell Crags contains a number of distinct caves which have yielded paleontological and archaeological remains:

In Mother Grundy's Parlour, in layers dating to the Last Interglacial (130,000–115,000 years ago), when Britain had a similar temperate climate and forested landscape to modern times (though Britain was likely uninhabited by humans), remains of hippopotamus and the extinct narrow-nosed rhinoceros have been found.

All of the major caves in the Creswell Crags, but especially Robin Hood's cave, show evidence of having been occupied during the late Middle Paleolithic (probably around 60,000–40,000 years ago) by Neanderthals, who created a variety of stone tools, including scrapers, choppers and bifacial tools found in the caverns, primarily using quartzite from local Triassic aged "bunter" pebble beds. The Creswell Crags show the most intensive evidence of occupation by Neanderthals of any site in Britain.

Robin Hood's Cave and Pin Hole Cave have also yielded Initial Upper Paleolithic stone tools of the Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician industry that are likely more than 36,000 years old, representing some of the oldest evidence for modern humans in Britain. Although no diagnostic Aurignacian stone tools have been found at Creswell Crags, a clearly human-modified antler from Pin Hole has been dated to the Aurignacian period, around 37,000 years ago. "Maisierian"-type tanged stone points found in Pin Hole indicate that Creswell Crags was later occupied by early Gravettian peoples, probably about 33,000 years ago.

Following the abandonment of Britain by modern humans due to the harsh environmental conditions in the time surrounding the Last Glacial Maximum, Britain was recolonised by Magdalenian peoples around 16-15,000 years ago. Magdalenian stone tools found at Creswell Crags have been assigned to the Creswellian industry named after the site. Creswellian stone tools have also been found in temporally equivalent sediments elsewhere in Britain, as distant as Kents Cavern in Devon.

A bone engraved with a horse's head and other worked bone items along with the remains of a variety of prehistoric animals have been found in excavations since 1876. The "Ochre Horse" was found on 29 June 1876 at the back of the western chamber in the Robin Hood Cave. In 2003, the Ochre Horse was estimated to be between 11,000 and 13,000 years old.