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Cruthin
The Cruthin (Old Irish: [ˈkɾuθʲinʲ]) or Cruithne (Irish: [ˈkɾˠɪ(h)nʲə]) were a people of early medieval Ireland. Their heartland was in Ulster and included parts of the present-day counties of Antrim, Down and Londonderry. Although the evidence is that they were Gaels, their name is believed to be the Irish equivalent of *Pritanī, the reconstructed native name of the Celtic Britons, and Cruthin was sometimes used to refer to the Picts, but their relationship to these peoples is unclear.
The Cruthin comprised several túatha (tribal territories), which included the Dál nAraidi of County Antrim and the Uí Echach Cobo of County Down. These were part of the kingdom of Ulaid (Ulster). Early sources distinguish between the Cruthin and the Ulaid folk, although the Dál nAraidi later claimed in their genealogies to be na fír Ulaid, "the true Ulaid". The 17th century Leabhar na nGenealach claims that the Conaille, the Loígis and the Sogain are also of Cruthin descent.
By 773 AD, the annals had stopped using the term Cruthin in favour of the term Dál nAraidi, who had secured their over-kingship of the Cruthin.
For political reasons, some modern Ulster Scots unionists claim descent from the Cruthin and argue they were the original British inhabitants of Ulster. This has been rejected by historians and archaeologists (see #Modern politics and culture).
In medieval Irish writings, the plural form of the name is variously spelt Cruthin, Cruithin, Cruthini, Cruthni, Cruithni or Cruithini (modern Irish: Cruithne). The singular form is Cruithen (modern Irish: Cruithean). The adjectival form is Cruithnech (modern Irish: Cruithneach), which is also used as a noun. It is thought to relate to the Irish word cruth, meaning "form, figure, shape". The name is believed to derive from *Qritani, a reconstructed Goidelic/Q-Celtic version of the Brittonic/P-Celtic *Pritani. Ancient Greek geographer Pytheas called the Celtic Britons the Pretanoí, which became Britanni in Latin.
It is suggested that Cruthin was not what the people called themselves, but was what their neighbours called them.
The name Cruthin survives in the placenames Duncrun (Dún Cruithean, "fort of the Cruthin") and Drumcroon (Droim Cruithean, "ridge of the Cruthin") in County Londonderry, and Ballycrune (Bealach Cruithean, "pass of the Cruthin") and Crown Mound (Áth Cruithean, "ford of the Cruthin") in County Down. These placenames are believed to mark the edges of Cruthin territory.
At the start of the historical period in Ireland in the 6th century, the kingdom of Ulaid largely lay to the east of the River Bann in north-eastern Ireland. The Cruthin also held territory west of the Bann in County Londonderry, and their emergence may have concealed the dominance of earlier tribal groupings.
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Cruthin
The Cruthin (Old Irish: [ˈkɾuθʲinʲ]) or Cruithne (Irish: [ˈkɾˠɪ(h)nʲə]) were a people of early medieval Ireland. Their heartland was in Ulster and included parts of the present-day counties of Antrim, Down and Londonderry. Although the evidence is that they were Gaels, their name is believed to be the Irish equivalent of *Pritanī, the reconstructed native name of the Celtic Britons, and Cruthin was sometimes used to refer to the Picts, but their relationship to these peoples is unclear.
The Cruthin comprised several túatha (tribal territories), which included the Dál nAraidi of County Antrim and the Uí Echach Cobo of County Down. These were part of the kingdom of Ulaid (Ulster). Early sources distinguish between the Cruthin and the Ulaid folk, although the Dál nAraidi later claimed in their genealogies to be na fír Ulaid, "the true Ulaid". The 17th century Leabhar na nGenealach claims that the Conaille, the Loígis and the Sogain are also of Cruthin descent.
By 773 AD, the annals had stopped using the term Cruthin in favour of the term Dál nAraidi, who had secured their over-kingship of the Cruthin.
For political reasons, some modern Ulster Scots unionists claim descent from the Cruthin and argue they were the original British inhabitants of Ulster. This has been rejected by historians and archaeologists (see #Modern politics and culture).
In medieval Irish writings, the plural form of the name is variously spelt Cruthin, Cruithin, Cruthini, Cruthni, Cruithni or Cruithini (modern Irish: Cruithne). The singular form is Cruithen (modern Irish: Cruithean). The adjectival form is Cruithnech (modern Irish: Cruithneach), which is also used as a noun. It is thought to relate to the Irish word cruth, meaning "form, figure, shape". The name is believed to derive from *Qritani, a reconstructed Goidelic/Q-Celtic version of the Brittonic/P-Celtic *Pritani. Ancient Greek geographer Pytheas called the Celtic Britons the Pretanoí, which became Britanni in Latin.
It is suggested that Cruthin was not what the people called themselves, but was what their neighbours called them.
The name Cruthin survives in the placenames Duncrun (Dún Cruithean, "fort of the Cruthin") and Drumcroon (Droim Cruithean, "ridge of the Cruthin") in County Londonderry, and Ballycrune (Bealach Cruithean, "pass of the Cruthin") and Crown Mound (Áth Cruithean, "ford of the Cruthin") in County Down. These placenames are believed to mark the edges of Cruthin territory.
At the start of the historical period in Ireland in the 6th century, the kingdom of Ulaid largely lay to the east of the River Bann in north-eastern Ireland. The Cruthin also held territory west of the Bann in County Londonderry, and their emergence may have concealed the dominance of earlier tribal groupings.